Social Protection, Household Size, and Its Determinants: Evidence from Ethiopia

Hoddinott, John; Mekasha, Tseday Jemaneh

doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1736283

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Work investigating whether potential differences in attrition rates can be attributed to differences in baseline characteristics shows that being a programme beneficiary was not correlated with the probability of attrition. Older and smaller households were slightly more likely to experience attrition than other household types, but the correlation between attrition and these characteristics was small(Hoddinott & Mekasha, 2020).…”

mentioning

confidence: 81%

Graduation after 10 years of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme: Surviving but still not thriving

Sabates‐Wheeler

Lind

Hoddinott

et al. 2020

Development Policy Review

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Motivation: Many social protection programmes aspire to graduate poor people out of poverty. While some successfully ensure food security and survival for the poorest, few have moved large numbers of people sustainably out of poverty and into productive livelihood opportunities. Purpose: This article aims to understand better the challenges to sustainable graduation out of poverty, and why graduation has been so difficult to achieve in many social protection programmes. Approach and Methods: We define graduation and identify primary objectives related to food security and consumption and secondary objectives for asset accumulation. We then apply this thinking to the case of the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) in Ethiopia, drawing on evaluation spanning the first 10 years of the programme. Findings: The programme has been successful on some fronts-such as saving lives, reducing distress sales and providing community-level services-while on others, such as household asset building and livestock accumulation, it has failed to deliver. Given this, we ask why the programme has underperformed in building household assets, and further, why the PSNP programme proceeded to prematurely graduate so many households despite the lack of evidence on livelihood strengthening. It seems that the PSNP was unable to lift most households out of poverty, owing to lack of capacity to design and implement measures to raise incomes and to lack of opportunities to do so. Many households, however, were graduated out of PSNP, apparently because field staff had quotas to fulfil, whether or not the households had progressed out of poverty. Policy implications:The PSNP shows how a programme can succeed in its primary objective of alleviating deep poverty and preventing people from becoming destitute. But it also shows that to reach the more ambitious target of graduating households out of poverty, more funds and administrative capacity are needed to generate additional household economic activity. Investments in complementary rural services are needed as well.

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confidence: 81%

Graduation after 10 years of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme: Surviving but still not thriving

Sabates‐Wheeler

Lind

Hoddinott

et al. 2020

Development Policy Review

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“…Both instruments reduce the flow of undocumented migrants induced by lower than average rainfall levels. Hoddinott and Mekasha (2017) show that the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) in Ethiopia also reduces migration during anomalous years but only for girls aged 12 to 18 years. It should be noted that the latter of the two studies has a few distinct features from our CGP evaluation in Zambia.…”

Section: Conceptual Framework and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that the latter of the two studies has a few distinct features from our CGP evaluation in Zambia. First, the majority of the beneficiaries (85 per cent) are required to work off-season in public works programs under the PSNP (Hoddinott and Mekasha, 2017). Thus, the condition of work in exchange for food and cash payments constrains the household by removing a potentially productive worker.…”

Section: Conceptual Framework and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do social protection programs foster short-term and long-term migration adaptation strategies?

et al. 2019

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We examine how migration is influenced by temperature and precipitation variability, and the extent to which the receipt of a cash transfer affects the use of migration as an adaptation strategy. Climate data is merged with georeferenced panel data (2010–2014) on individual migration collected from the Zambian Child Grant Program (CGP) sites. We use the person-year dataset to identify the direct and heterogeneous causal effects of the CGP on mobility. Having access to cash transfers doubles the rate of male, short-distance moves during cool periods, irrespective of wealth. Receipt of cash transfers (among wealthier households) during extreme heat causes an additional retention of males. Cash transfers positively spur long-distance migration under normal climate conditions in the long term. They also facilitate short-distance responses to climate, but not long-distance responses that might be demanded by future climate change.

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“…Our evaluation aims to offer evidence from Mali on the relationship between constraints on income and migration. Only a small number of studies from Africa have examined the extent to which the provision of cash transfers (CTs) (Mueller et al, 2020) and cash-for-work programs alter migration patterns (Gazeaud et al, 2021;Hoddinott & Mekasha, 2020). Context and program design are important factors in such studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cash transfers, migration, and gender norms

Hidrobo

Mueller

Roy

2021

American J Agri Economics

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Although migration remains crucial for economic development, financial constraints may limit individual ability to migrate. A recent literature demonstrates that social protection programs encourage migration; however, how norms shape the migration decision of women and men are rarely considered. Analysis of 2209 panel households (2014)(2015)(2016) in Mali suggests that men predominantly move for employment, whereas women move to rural areas for marriage and urban areas for employment. We then test, in the context of a large-scale randomized controlled trial, how a cash transfer (CT) program in Mali affects the migration patterns of men and women. We find the probability of rural-rural migration among men in beneficiary households increases by 0.9 percentage points (an effect size of 100%), whereas the probability of rural-urban migration among women decreases by 0.2 percentage points (an effect size of 50%). We find no impacts on average women's rural-rural migration or men's rural-urban migration. However, women in less poor beneficiary households are more likely to engage in rural-rural migration as a result of the CT, whereas women in poorer beneficiary households realize no immediate impact. Our findings indicate that the provision of cash potentially fosters investment in profitable endeavors outside of subsistence agriculture for men but may also affect the marital migration of women.We thank three anonymous referees and editor Marc Bellemare for their insightful comments while the manuscript was under review. The manuscript also benefitted from the excellent research assistance of Sayahnika Basu, Bianca Navia, and Qing Zhong.

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Social Protection, Household Size, and Its Determinants: Evidence from Ethiopia

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

Graduation after 10 years of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme: Surviving but still not thriving

Graduation after 10 years of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme: Surviving but still not thriving

Do social protection programs foster short-term and long-term migration adaptation strategies?

Cash transfers, migration, and gender norms

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