Social physique anxiety, body esteem, and social anxiety in bodybuilders and self-reported anabolic steroid users

Schwerin, Michael J.; Corcoran, Kevin J.; Fisher, Leslee A.; Patterson, David R.; Askew, Waide; Olrich, Tracy Warren; Shanks, Scott

doi:10.1016/0306-4603(95)00031-3

Cited by 53 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, striving for the perfect body is associated with a number of negative psychological outcomes including risk taking behaviours such as anabolic steroid use (e.g., Blouin and Goldfield 1995;Loosemoore and Moriarty 1990;Schwerin et al 1996), eating disorders (e.g., Andersen 1998;Herzog et al 1991;Mangweth et al 2004;Silberstein et al 1989), depression (Levesque and Vichesky 2006), plastic surgery (e.g., Baker 1994;Wilson 1997), shame related to a diminished sense of self (Higgins 1987), lowered psychological well-being (Maltby and Day 2001), and excessive exercise (e.g., Olivardia et al 2004). These risk-taking behaviours mark the degree to which males are willing to gamble with their health for aesthetics, particularly in countries where there are significant disposable incomes and advertising targeting perfect bodies, including America where much of this research is carried out, and Australia which is the context of the current study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Satisfaction in Gym-active Males: An Exploration of Sexuality, Gender, and Narcissism

Brown

Graham

2008

Sex Roles

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This study compared 80 gay and straight Australian males on self report measures of body satisfaction, masculinity, femininity, narcissism, and reasons for exercising at gyms to explore factors related to excessive exercise. Gay males are less satisfied with their bodies compared to straight males. Improving appearance was more important for gay men, while fun was considered more important for straight men. Only sexual orientation and masculinity contributed independently to body satisfaction. Straight males who scored high on masculinity were most satisfied with their bodies, while gay males who scored low on masculinity were least satisfied with their bodies, irrespective of femininity and narcissism. Hours exercising per week and fun as a reason for exercising, significantly contributed to body satisfaction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Satisfaction in Gym-active Males: An Exploration of Sexuality, Gender, and Narcissism

Brown

Graham

2008

Sex Roles

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“…The positive effects of anabolic steroids on muscle mass, mood, and behavior are well known; they strengthen motivation, will, enthusiasm, forcefulness, and resistance to fatigue and stress. 5,31,37,38,42 These strongly motivated subjects could easily have exceeded their physical limits, stressing the shoulder joint in such a way that the nerves were stretched and/or compressed between osteofibrous surfaces and their enormous muscles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare mononeuropathies of the upper limb in bodybuilders

1998

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“…Furthermore, the use of these drugs in conjunction with side effects predicts intentions for longer term AAS use. This negative reinforcement model could also be extended to the contribution of other variables associated with continued AAS use, such as body dissatisfaction, appearance anxiety, and potential psychopathology (Blouin & Goldfield, 1995;Mangweth et al, 2001;Pope, Gruber, Choi, Olivardia, & Phillips, 1997;Schwerin et al, 1996). Although these were not evaluated in the current model, having negative moods and/or body image partially removed by the use of AASs would be a logical hypothesis for future model testing of continued and potentially problematic AAS use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting intentions for long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use among men: A covariance structure model.

Hildebrandt¹,

Langenbucher²,

Carr³

et al. 2006

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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Long-term use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) is associated with both positive and negative effects. The authors examined possible mechanisms by which these effects contribute to AAS satisfaction and predict intentions for future AAS use. Five hundred male AAS users completed an interactive Web-based instrument assessing the psychological and physical effects of AAS use. Covariance structure modeling was used to evaluate both direct and indirect effects of AAS consequences on satisfaction with AASs and intentions for future AAS use. Results suggest that gain in muscle mass and psychological benefits from AAS use uniquely contributed to both AAS satisfaction and intentions for future use. Side effects from AAS use also uniquely contributed to AAS satisfaction, but ancillary drug use was found to partially mediate this relationship, suggesting that the satisfaction of experienced AAS users is enhanced by their mastery of side effects through the use of ancillary drugs. The final model explained 29% of the variance in intentions for future AAS use. Mechanisms for sustained AAS use and implications for intervention and prevention strategies are discussed.

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Social physique anxiety, body esteem, and social anxiety in bodybuilders and self-reported anabolic steroid users

Cited by 53 publications

References 17 publications

Body Satisfaction in Gym-active Males: An Exploration of Sexuality, Gender, and Narcissism

Body Satisfaction in Gym-active Males: An Exploration of Sexuality, Gender, and Narcissism

Rare mononeuropathies of the upper limb in bodybuilders

Predicting intentions for long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use among men: A covariance structure model.

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