2002
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.359
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Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization.

Abstract: The authors studied social norms and prejudice using M. Sherif and C. W. Sherif's (1953) group norm theory of attitudes. In 7 studies (N = 1,504), social norms were measured and manipulated to examine their effects on prejudice; both normatively proscribed and normatively prescribed forms of prejudice were included. The public expression of prejudice toward 105 social groups was very highly correlated with social approval of that expression. Participants closely adhere to social norms when expressing prejudice… Show more

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Cited by 894 publications
(982 citation statements)
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References 48 publications
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“…For instance, individuals express prejudices more strongly when they perceive that those prejudicial beliefs are normatively endorsed or shared more widely (Crandall, Eshleman, & O'Brien, 2002;Stangor, Sechrist, & Jost, 2001). This is not merely strategic self-presentation either; stereotypes spring to mind more easily when individuals perceive that others endorse those stereotypes ).…”
Section: Effects Of Perceived Consensus On Individuals' Attitudes Andmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For instance, individuals express prejudices more strongly when they perceive that those prejudicial beliefs are normatively endorsed or shared more widely (Crandall, Eshleman, & O'Brien, 2002;Stangor, Sechrist, & Jost, 2001). This is not merely strategic self-presentation either; stereotypes spring to mind more easily when individuals perceive that others endorse those stereotypes ).…”
Section: Effects Of Perceived Consensus On Individuals' Attitudes Andmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is possible that young children lack an internal motivation to control their intergroup bias on the negative dimension either because of the absence of a personal egalitarian motive to be fair minded or the failure to internalize the in-group social norm regarding the illegitimacy of any specific form of prejudice expression (Monteith, 1993;Plant & Devine, 1998;Rutland, 2004;. Indeed, the self-presentational account of prejudice development (Rutland, 2004; suggests that children with age begin to control their social discrimination by conforming to perceived in-group social norms regarding the appropriateness of explicit negative intergroup bias (Crandall, Eshleman, & O'Brien, 2002). Developmental research on children's evaluations of gender and racial exclusions also suggests that with age children develop social-conventional norms regarding the appropriateness of social exclusion (Killen & Stangor, 2001;Killen et al, 2002).…”
Section: Studymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…According to this view, bias typically declines during middle childhood with the development of an internal motivation to control prejudiced attitudes (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995;Plant & Devine, 1998). Moreover, this motivation results from the internalization of and attempt to conform to perceived social norms regarding the appropriateness of explicitly expressing prejudice (Crandall, Eshleman, & O'Brien, 2002). Despite their differing mechanisms of development, both the cognitive-developmental and the self-presentational account would predict that intergroup bias should decline in middle childhood.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, pregnancy may be a legitimizing condition (cf. Crandall et al, 2002) enabling ideologies to find expression. Additionally, it is possible that benevolent sexism and related ideological concerns are activated by contact with pregnant women (Rudman & Fiske, 2008).…”
Section: Benevolent Sexism and Pregnancy 21mentioning
confidence: 99%