Social medicine in Latin America: productivity and dangers facing the major national groups

Waitzkin, Howard; Iriart, Celia; Estrada, Alfredo; Lamadrid, Silvia

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05488-5

Cited by 77 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In addition to our group working in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil, we have coordinated our efforts with colleagues based in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Ecuador. We have reported other components and findings of the investigation in other articles (Waitzkin 1998;Stocker et al 1999;Iriart et al 2001;Waitzkin 2001;Waitzkin et al 2001a;Waitzkin et al 2001b;Waitzkin 2003; Davidson et al 2002;Waitzkin et al 2003; Buchanan et al 2003). Our earlier work described the initial movement of multinational managed care corporations first to Western Europe and later to less developed countries, especially in Latin America (Stocker et al 1999;Waitzkin and Iriart 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 51%

Multinational Corporations and Health Care in the United States and Latin America: Strategies, Actions and Effects

Jasso-Aguilar¹,

Waitzkin²,

Landwehr³

2005

Commercialization of Health Care

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In this article we analyze the corporate dominance of health care in the United States and the dynamics that have motivated the international expansion of multinational health care corporations, especially to Latin America. We identify the strategies, actions, and effects of multinational corporations in health care delivery and public health policies. Our methods have included systematic bibliographical research and in-depth interviews in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil. Influenced by public policy makers in the United States, such organizations as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and World Trade Organization have advocated policies that encourage reduction and privatization of health care and public health services previously provided in the public sector. Multinational managed care organizations have entered managed care markets in several Latin American countries at the same time as they were withdrawing from managed care activities in Medicaid and Medicare within the United States. Corporate strategies have culminated in a marked expansion of corporations' access to social security and related public sector funds for the support of privatized health services. International financial institutions and multinational corporations have influenced reforms that, while favorable to corporate interests, have worsened access to needed services and have strained the remaining public sector institutions. A theoretical approach to these problems emphasizes the falling rate of profit as an economic motivation of corporate actions, silent reform, and the subordination of polity to economy. Praxis to address these problems involves opposition to policies that enhance corporate interests while reducing public sector services, as well as alternative models that emphasize a strengthened public sector.The process of globalization raises several problems regarding health care and public health. Influenced by public policy makers in the United States, such organizations as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Trade Organization (WTO) have advocated policies that encourage reduction and privatization of health care and public health services previously provided in the public sector (Stocker et al. 1999;Iriart et al. 2001; Rao 1999;Turshen 1999; World Health Report 2000). These policies in turn have affected policies of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Pan American Health Organization, and the U. In addition to these non-commercial organizations, multinational corporations based in the United States have expanded worldwide. Managed care organizations, health care consulting firms, and pharmaceutical and medical equipment companies have entered foreign markets. U.S. industrial corporations also have operated in foreign countries; the participation of workers and the promotion of products in those countries have raised concerns about the impacts on local economies, environmental health, and occupational health (Kim et al. 2000). The "flight" of multinational corporations to f...

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mentioning

confidence: 51%

Multinational Corporations and Health Care in the United States and Latin America: Strategies, Actions and Effects

Jasso-Aguilar¹,

Waitzkin²,

Landwehr³

2005

Commercialization of Health Care

Self Cite

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“…This includes what Breilh describes as both the destructive and protective interactions of global and singular influences on the health of individuals and communities, as well as the design of community-based interventions to respond to inequitable distribution of hazardous exposures such as toxic pollutants, stress and "modes of life". 19,20 These trends not only reinforce the analysis from the Latin American social medicine movement [20][21][22] but also the relevance of ecosystem approaches to health with an emphasis on transdisciplinarity, multi-stakeholder participation and social equity. 23 To respond to these challenges, human resources must be trained for interdisciplinary and intersectoral team work, sensitive to the realities of disadvantaged populations.…”

Section: Public Health Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The community and province-level interactions of the initial cohort of students are being complemented by national-level interactions -with coordinators from each of the three universities building relationships with a national team that includes an academic director and senior tutors with complementary skills in ecosystem approaches to health, community development, agro-ecology and laboratory science as well as strong ties with the Latin American Social Medicine movement. [19][20][21][22] Since programme inception, the National (Ecuadorian) Steering Committee has consolidated a national…”

Section: Orienting To Existing National Capacitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promoting the health of marginalized populations in Ecuador through international collaboration and education innovations

Parkes

Spiegel

Breilh

et al. 2009

Bull World Health Org

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This paper examines two innovative educational initiatives for the Ecuadorian public health workforce: a Canadian-funded Masters programme in ecosystem approaches to health that focuses on building capacity to manage environmental health risks sustainably; and the training of Ecuadorians at the Latin American School of Medicine in Cuba (known as Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina in Spanish). We apply a typology for analysing how training programmes address the needs of marginalized populations and build capacity for addressing health determinants. We highlight some ways we can learn from such training programmes with particular regard to lessons, barriers and opportunities for their sustainability at the local, national and international levels and for pursuing similar initiatives in other countries and contexts. We conclude that educational efforts focused on the challenges of marginalization and the determinants of health require explicit attention not only to the knowledge, attitudes and skills of graduates but also on effectively engaging the health settings and systems that will reinforce the establishment and retention of capacity in low-and middle-income settings where this is most needed.Une traduction en français de ce résumé figure à la fin de l'article. Al final del artículo se facilita una traducción al español. ‫املقالة.‬ ‫لهذه‬ ‫الكامل‬ ‫النص‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الخالصة‬ ‫لهذه‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫الرتجمة‬

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“…Aside from these three authors the term 'critical epidemiology' has been predominantly used in in the study of South American politics and 'saude coletiva' ('social health'), leading to the persecution of associated academics (Breilh, 2008) (Waitzkin et al, 2001). Finally, Nancy Krieger (Krieger, 2000b) has used the term in her critiques of social epidemiology.…”

Section: Critical Epidemiology Beyond Sexual Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a critical epidemiology approach for applied sexual health research

Edelman¹

2017

J Health Psychol

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Critical approaches may benefit epidemiological studies of sexual health. This paper proposes a critical approach, reconcilable with social epidemiological enquiry. Key aims of critical epidemiology for sexual health are identified, from which three criticisms of practice emerge: 1. Lack of attention to socio-cultural contexts; 2.Construction of 'risk' as residing in the individual; 3. Enactment of public health agendas which privilege and pathologise certain behaviours. These reflect and construct an apolitical understanding of population health. This paper proposes features of a critical epidemiology that represent a morally driven re-envisioning of the focus, analysis, and interpretation of epidemiological studies of sexual health.

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Social medicine in Latin America: productivity and dangers facing the major national groups

Cited by 77 publications

References 6 publications

Multinational Corporations and Health Care in the United States and Latin America: Strategies, Actions and Effects

Multinational Corporations and Health Care in the United States and Latin America: Strategies, Actions and Effects

Promoting the health of marginalized populations in Ecuador through international collaboration and education innovations

Towards a critical epidemiology approach for applied sexual health research

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