Social media and genocide: The case for home state responsibility

Rapp, Kyle

doi:10.1080/14754835.2021.1947208

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In doing so they are generally required to give away access to their personal data, creating a tension between the privacy rights of individuals and the potential costs of not being able to participate in the network. At the same time, some social media companies have been highlighted as having negative effects on different societies ( Bradshaw & Howard, 2019 ; Rapp, 2021 ), resulting in a similar tension for those who may not wish to support the companies but do want to participate in the scientific network. These ethical issues are unlikely to have any simple solutions, and the costs may be unavoidable, but they would appear to merit serious consideration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysing the effectiveness of Twitter as an equitable community communication tool for international conferences

Duncan

Shean

2023

PeerJ

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Scientific conferences increasingly include online aspects. Some are moving to be entirely virtual whilst others are adopting hybrid models in which there are both in-person and virtual elements. This development of opportunities for people to attend conferences virtually has the potential to both reduce their environmental impact and to make access to them more equitable. An issue with virtual conference participation that has been raised, however, is that there is a reduction in informal communication between attendees. This is an important deficit as informal contacts play a significant role in both knowledge transmission and professional network development. One forum where some informal communication around conferences does occur is Twitter, with participation there being encouraged by some conferences. It is not clear, however, how effective Twitter is as a community communication tool in terms of equitable participation amongst conference attendees. To investigate this, we looked at Twitter usage surrounding four international conferences between 2010 and 2021. It was found that engagement with conference hashtags increased steadily over time, peaking in 2019. Users represented 9% of conference attendees and were primarily located in Europe and North America, communicating primarily in English (97% of tweets). Hub nodes within the interaction network were also primarily located in these regions. East Asia had fewer users than would be expected based on neuroscience publication numbers from that region. What users there were in East Asia were engaged with less than were users in other regions. It was found that the overall interaction network showed a rich-club structure, where users with more connections tend to interact more with others with similar connection numbers. Finally, it was found that users in Europe and North America tend to communicate with other users in their own regions whereas users in the rest of the world direct their interactions out of their region. These results suggest that although conference-related Twitter use has been successful to some degree in opening up access, there are some notable limitations in its usage that may mirror aspects of inequality inherent to in-person conferences. How to build equitable informal communication networks around virtual conferences remains a challenging question that requires further discussion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysing the effectiveness of Twitter as an equitable community communication tool for international conferences

Duncan

Shean

2023

PeerJ

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“…In doing so they are generally required to give away access to their personal data, creating a tension between the privacy rights of individuals and the potential costs of not being able to participate in the network. At the same time, some social media companies have been highlighted as having negative effects on different societies (48, 49), resulting in a similar tension for those who may not wish to support the companies but do want to participate in the scientific network. Finally, what can and cannot be said on each service is dictated by the corporation and not the community (particularly where companies are subject to direct state censorship), which could lead to skewed scientific discussions and the exclusion of some community members.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twitter as a community communication tool for international neuroscience conferences

Duncan

Shean

2022

Preprint

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Scientific conferences increasingly include online aspects. Some are moving to be entirely virtual while others are adopting hybrid models in which there are both in-person and virtual elements. This development of opportunities for people to attend conferences virtually has the potential to both reduce their environmental impact and to make access to them more equitable. An issue with virtual conference participation that has been raised, however, is that there is a reduction in informal communication between attendees. This is an important deficit as such informal contacts play a significant role in both knowledge transmission and professional network development. One forum where some informal communication around conferences does occur is Twitter, with this being encouraged by some conferences. It is not clear, though, to what extent the informal networks built around this service help reduce the problems of unequal access see with in-person conferences. Focusing on geographical equity, we looked at Twitter usage surrounding four international conferences between 2010 and 2021. It was found that engagement with conference hashtags increased steadily over time, peaking in 2019. Users represented 9% of conference attendees and were primarily located in Europe and North America, communicating primarily in English (97% of tweets). Hub nodes within the interaction network were also primarily located in these regions. East Asia had fewer users than would be expected based on neuroscience publication numbers from that region. What users there were in East Asia were engaged with less than were users in other regions. It was found that the overall interaction network showed a rich-club structure, where users with more connections tend to interact more with others with similar connections. Finally, it was found that users in Europe and North America tend to communicate with other users in their own regions whereas users in the rest of the world direct their interactions out of their region. These results suggest that although conference-related Twitter use has been successful to some degree in opening up access, there are some notable limitations in its usage that may mirror aspects of inequality inherent to in-person conferences. How to build equitable informal communication networks around virtual conferences remains a challenging question that requires further discussion.

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“…Hate speech is regarded as "a denial of the values of tolerance, inclusion, diversity and the very essence of human rights norms and principles." 2 The internet and public forums are global assets that facilitate interaction between people, but the ease of communication also enables hate speech to travel rapidly and spread on a large scale, causing serious societal and security issues (Rapp, 2021;Alkiviadou, 2019). To ensure compliance with hate 1 The code for this paper is publicly available at https: //github.com/chufeiluo/legalhatespeech 2 https://www.un.org/en/hate-speech/impact-andprevention/why-tackle-hate-speech Figure 1: A visualization of our proposed method to ground hate speech to specialized legal definitions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legally Enforceable Hate Speech Detection for Public Forums

Luo,

Bhambhoria,

Dahan

et al. 2023

Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023

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Hate speech causes widespread and deepseated societal issues. Proper enforcement of hate speech laws is key for protecting groups of people against harmful and discriminatory language. However, determining what constitutes hate speech is a complex task that is highly open to subjective interpretations. Existing works do not align their systems with enforceable definitions of hate speech, which can make their outputs inconsistent with the goals of regulators. This research introduces a new perspective and task for enforceable hate speech detection centred around legal definitions, and a dataset annotated on violations of eleven possible definitions by legal experts. Given the challenge of identifying clear, legally enforceable instances of hate speech, we augment the dataset with expert-generated samples and an automatically mined challenge set. We experiment with grounding the model decision in these definitions using zero-shot and few-shot prompting. We then report results on several large language models (LLMs). With this task definition, automatic hate speech detection can be more closely aligned to enforceable laws, and hence assist in more rigorous enforcement of legal protections against harmful speech in public forums. 1

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Social media and genocide: The case for home state responsibility

Cited by 7 publications

References 32 publications

Analysing the effectiveness of Twitter as an equitable community communication tool for international conferences

Analysing the effectiveness of Twitter as an equitable community communication tool for international conferences

Twitter as a community communication tool for international neuroscience conferences

Legally Enforceable Hate Speech Detection for Public Forums

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