“…Leoni and Acuto (2008:597) speak to this idea in their analysis of the Middle Period in northwest Argentina where series of similar patterns are evident in strong cultural integration and the creation of new spaces for these activities. “…people also experienced a new sense of social distinction, for the public activities were presumably sponsored by social agents intent on institutionalizing social inequality.…”
The Middle Period in San Pedro de Atacama (AD 400-1000) stands out as a time of great prosperity that was, in part, associated with high levels of interaction with foreign polities, including the highland state of Tiwanaku. Although previous studies have demonstrated an increase in rates of violence during the subsequent Regional Developments Period (AD 1000-1400), this does not mean that the Middle Period was a time of peace and tranquility. Here, the prevalence of violence in four contemporary cemeteries is analyzed, exploring potential sources of conflict, including social inequality. Cranial trauma was documented through the presence, location, size, and state of healing of all wounds and was found in 14.7% of the sample (61/415; including two cases of perimortem trauma). Skeletal remains were also analyzed for demographic data to investigate differences in patterns of violence related to sex and age. Notably, most of the trauma centered on the anterior portion of the skull, suggesting the prominence of face-to-face confrontations that involved both sexes. Correlations between trauma and items in the mortuary assemblage that may have been associated with prestige or an elevated social standing in two cemeteries from the Solcor ayllu indicate that individuals from the more elite cemetery were subjected to significantly less traumatic injury. These data suggest that people did not share equally in the benefits of this period's affluence and that there were tensions in Atacameño society despite seemingly widespread prosperity.
“…Leoni and Acuto (2008:597) speak to this idea in their analysis of the Middle Period in northwest Argentina where series of similar patterns are evident in strong cultural integration and the creation of new spaces for these activities. “…people also experienced a new sense of social distinction, for the public activities were presumably sponsored by social agents intent on institutionalizing social inequality.…”
The Middle Period in San Pedro de Atacama (AD 400-1000) stands out as a time of great prosperity that was, in part, associated with high levels of interaction with foreign polities, including the highland state of Tiwanaku. Although previous studies have demonstrated an increase in rates of violence during the subsequent Regional Developments Period (AD 1000-1400), this does not mean that the Middle Period was a time of peace and tranquility. Here, the prevalence of violence in four contemporary cemeteries is analyzed, exploring potential sources of conflict, including social inequality. Cranial trauma was documented through the presence, location, size, and state of healing of all wounds and was found in 14.7% of the sample (61/415; including two cases of perimortem trauma). Skeletal remains were also analyzed for demographic data to investigate differences in patterns of violence related to sex and age. Notably, most of the trauma centered on the anterior portion of the skull, suggesting the prominence of face-to-face confrontations that involved both sexes. Correlations between trauma and items in the mortuary assemblage that may have been associated with prestige or an elevated social standing in two cemeteries from the Solcor ayllu indicate that individuals from the more elite cemetery were subjected to significantly less traumatic injury. These data suggest that people did not share equally in the benefits of this period's affluence and that there were tensions in Atacameño society despite seemingly widespread prosperity.
“…As such, this study also provides independent evidence from genetics on the relationships established from material culture (influence of the Andean Bolivian culture on Candelaria material culture). Indeed, the similarities mentioned earlier for the maternal lineages, between ancient populations of North Chile and those of PG, allow us to hypothesise that exchanges and relations between these two ancient populations occurred very early (Leoni and Acuto, 2008). This can be put in relation to the complex social and cultural organization of the region from the appearance of the first civilizations such as Tiwanaku (Hastorf, 2008).…”
Section: Links Between Pg and Andean Populationsmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…The Late Period (900-1470 AD) represented a time of regional development and increased sociopolitical complexity. Finally, the last phase before European colonization is the Imperial Period, with the arrival and the annexation of NWA by the Incas (Leoni and Acuto, 2008). This period was characterized by important population movements, in particular by the ''mitimaes''; groups which moved to hostile regions to assure the ascendancy of the Incas.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This period was characterized by important population movements, in particular by the ''mitimaes''; groups which moved to hostile regions to assure the ascendancy of the Incas. Bolivian Inca groups were sent by the Empire to NWA to work, but also to try and gain control of the local populations (Leoni and Acuto, 2008).…”
Ancient DNA recovered from 21 individuals excavated from burial sites in the Pampa Grande (PG) region (Salta province) of North-Western Argentina (NWA) was analyzed using various genetic markers (mitochondrial DNA, autosomal STRs, and Y chromosomal STRs). The results were compared to ancient and modern DNA from various populations in the Andean and North Argentinean regions, with the aim of establishing their relationships with PG. The mitochondrial haplogroup frequencies described (11% A, 47% B, and 42% D) presented values comparable to those found for the ancient Andean populations from Peru and San Pedro de Atacama. On the other hand, mitochondrial and Y chromosomal haplotypes were specific to PG, as they did not match any other of the South American populations studied. The described genetic diversity indicates homogeneity in the genetic structure of the ancient Andean populations, which was probably facilitated by the intense exchange network in the Andean zone, in particular among Tiwanaku, San Pedro de Atacama, and NWA. The discovery of haplotypes unique to PG could be due to a loss of genetic diversity caused by recent events affecting the autochthonous populations (establishment of the Inca Empire in the region, colonization by the Europeans).
“…Allí desde pequeños, los individuos eran educados y socializados en este modo de vivir, regido por una ideología basada en concepciones de igualdad e integración comunal, con una fuerte raigambre histórica y temporal. Esto daba como resultado una comunidad encargada de mantener un balance político y social, que repelía cualquier intento por diferenciarse o sobresalir social o políticamente (Leoni y Acuto 2008). Actuando como contrapeso frente a las tentativas de desarrollar cualquier tipo de desigualdad en estos períodos históricos (Leibowicz 2012).…”
Reflexiones Ante el HAllAzgo De Un CántARo islA en JUellA, JUJUy, ARgentinA.ResUmen: En este trabajo intentaremos, a partir del hallazgo de una curiosa vasija, que mixtura atributos morfológicos y estilísticos de distintos períodos de una manera hasta ahora desconocida, reflexionar e interrogarnos sobre las dinámicas y practicas socioculturales que rodearon la producción y el uso de dicho recipiente. La vasija fue encontrada en excavaciones realizadas en el sitio Juella, en la Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina, en el marco de una ocupación correspondiente al Período de Desarrollos Regionales II (PDR II) o Intermedio Tardío (PIT) (ca. 1250-1450 d.C.). Se trata de una vasija cuya decoración antropomorfa nos remite al más temprano estilo conocido como Isla, pero en una forma y dimensiones propias del PDR II y no registradas hasta el momento en la cerámica Isla. A través de la descripción de la pieza en cuestión y el contexto en que fue hallada, intentaremos argumentar cómo la misma se encontraba involucrada en un proceso de conformación de una nueva sociedad, participando en rituales y ceremonias en los que se creaba y recreaba un sentimiento de comunidad, al tiempo que representaba una conexión con el pasado cercano.Palabras clave: Período Intermedio Tardío, cerámica Humahuaca, estilo Isla, rituales.
AbstRACt:In this paper we will reflect on a curious ceramic vessel that combines morphological and stylistic properties from different time periods in a fashion previously undocumented. It was found during excavations in the archaeological site known as Juella, located in the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina, and belongs to the time period known as Regional Developments II (PDR II) or Late Intermediate Period (PIT); ca. 1250 -1450 d.C. The vessel depicts antropomorphous motifs which are usually attributed to an earlier style known as Isla. However, the vessel`s shape and volume is typical of the Regional Developments Period and there is no account of such a distinctive combination in the archaeological record of the Isla style. Those features led us to reflect on the social dynamics and practices involving the production and usage of such recipient. Its analysis and archaeological context suggests its participation in ritual ceremonies that created and recreated a sense of community while representing a connection to a recent past in a broader social context involving the conformation of a new society.
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