Social Interaction With an Anonymous Opponent Requires Increased Involvement of the Theory of Mind Neural System: An fMRI Study

Abstract

An anonymous interaction might facilitate provoking behavior and modify the engagement of theory of mind (TOM) brain mechanisms. However, the effect of anonymity when processing unfair behavior of an opponent remains largely unknown. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study applied the Taylor aggression paradigm, introducing an anonymous opponent to this task. Thirty-nine healthy right-handed subjects were included in the statistical analysis (13 males/26 females, mean age 24.5 ± 3.6 years). A player winning the reaction-time game could subtract money from the opponent during the task. Participants behaved similarly to both introduced and anonymous opponents. However, when an anonymous opponent (when compared to the introduced opponent) subtracted money, the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) demonstrated an increased BOLD signal and increased functional connectivity with the left IFG. Further, increased functional connectivity between the right IFG, the right temporal parietal junction and precuneus was observed during the perception of high provocation (subtracting a large amount of money) from the anonymous compared to the introduced opponent. We speculate that the neural changes may underlie different inferences about the opponents’ mental states. The idea that this reorganization of the TOM network reflects the attempt to understand the opponent by “completing” socially relevant details requires further investigation.

Neural Correlates of Antisocial Behavior: The Victim’s Perspective

“…Altered activation of these regions has been reported in social exclusion [ 32 ]. Taken together, these results suggest that a functional reorganization of the ToM network may be necessary to convey the negative meaning of the situation when exposed to social victimization [ 33 ]. Furthermore, we observed a hyperactivation of the lingual gyrus in social victimization, possibly related to a bottom-up mechanism aimed at a better understanding of the situation, as a first step in processing the interaction and its social valence [ 18 ].…”

Representational similarity analysis of self‐ versus other‐processing: Effect of trait aggressiveness

“…Much neuroimaging data have been obtained using laboratory models of aggressive behavior. Thus, Taylor aggression paradigm, one of the well‐validated laboratory measures of aggressive behavior in humans (Taylor, 1967), is widely used in neuroimaging studies (Weidler et al, 2019; Zheltyakova et al, 2022). Neuroimaging data, obtained using behavioral paradigms that simulate provocative interactions in volunteers, support a neural circuit model of aggressive behavior (Fanning & Coccaro, 2016; Lee et al, 2017; Siever, 2008).…”