Social Inequality and Racial Discrimination: Risk Factors for Health Disparities in Children of Color

Sanders-Phillips, Kathy; Settles-Reaves, Beverlyn; Walker, Doren; Brownlow, Janeese A.

doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1100e

Cited by 180 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…It is described as a period during which both positive investments and toxic stressors may significantly alter the trajectory of a child's life; 19 racism itself has been considered a toxic stressor. 20 Sanders-Phillips and colleagues 21 describe a conceptual model relating racial discrimination to child health disparities. This early time period has typically not been the focus of racial socialization studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minority Parents' Perspectives on Racial Socialization and School Readiness in the Early Childhood Period

Anderson

Jackson

Jones

et al. 2015

Academic Pediatrics

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OBJECTIVE: To describe how minority parents help their young children navigate issues of race and racism and discuss implications this racial socialization may have for school readiness. METHODS: Sixteen focus groups were conducted among 114African American, English language-primary Latino, Spanish language-primary Latino, and Korean language-primary Korean parents of children ages 0 to 4 years old. Transcripts were coded for major themes and subsequently compared across the 4 language-ethnicity groups. Parents also shared demographic and parenting data by survey, from which groupspecific proportions provide context for identified themes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minority Parents' Perspectives on Racial Socialization and School Readiness in the Early Childhood Period

Anderson

Jackson

Jones

et al. 2015

Academic Pediatrics

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“…For instance, research has shown that clinically relevant stress-related biomarkers are higher in black than in white people, and these racial differences are not explained by SES. [42][43][44][45] For children and adolescents, discrimination related to race, ethnicity, or SES may affect the child directly. Timing of exposure to discrimination may alter its influence, with adolescents having the greatest likelihood of understanding the nature and meaning of discriminatory remarks and actions of others.…”

Section: Racial and Other Forms Of Discriminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status in Research on Child Health

Goodman¹,

Cheng²,

Bogue³

et al. 2015

Pediatrics

176

119

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An extensive literature documents the existence of pervasive and persistent child health, development, and health care disparities by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). Disparities experienced during childhood can result in a wide variety of health and health care outcomes, including adult morbidity and mortality, indicating that it is crucial to examine the influence of disparities across the life course. Studies often collect data on the race, ethnicity, and SES of research participants to be used as covariates or explanatory factors. In the past, these variables have often been assumed to exert their effects through individual or genetically determined biologic mechanisms. However, it is now widely accepted that these variables have important social dimensions that influence health. SES, a multidimensional construct, interacts with and confounds analyses of race and ethnicity. Because SES, race, and ethnicity are often difficult to measure accurately, leading to the potential for misattribution of causality, thoughtful consideration should be given to appropriate measurement, analysis, and interpretation of such factors. Scientists who study child and adolescent health and development should understand the multiple measures used to assess race, ethnicity, and SES, including their validity and shortcomings and potential confounding of race and ethnicity with SES. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that research on eliminating health and health care disparities related to race, ethnicity, and SES be a priority. Data on race, ethnicity, and SES should be collected in research on child health to improve their definitions and increase understanding of how these factors and their complex interrelationships affect child health. Furthermore, the AAP believes that researchers should consider both biological and social mechanisms of action of race, ethnicity, and SES as they relate to the aims and hypothesis of the specific area of investigation. It is important to measure these variables, but it is not sufficient to use these variables alone as explanatory for differences in disease, morbidity, and outcomes without attention to the social and biologic influences they have on health throughout the life course. The AAP recommends more research, both in the United States and internationally, on measures of race, ethnicity, and SES and how these complex constructs affect health care and health outcomes throughout the life course.

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“…Nevertheless, a relatively small amount of research has examined health effects of discrimination for children and adolescents. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] This work, which has primarily focused on Black youth, has shown relationships between discrimination and greater externalizing symptoms (i.e., problem behaviors), 9,10,16,19,20 internalizing symptoms (anxiety, depression), 9,11,14,15,[21][22][23][24] and substance use. 12,13 Little is known regarding whether Latino youth similarly experience mental health deficits following discrimination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Problem Behaviors Among Preadolescent Youths

et al. 2013

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Objectives-We examined the contribution of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination to disparities in problem behaviors among pre-adolescent Black, Latino, and White youth.Methods-We used cross-sectional data from Healthy Passages, a three-community study of 5,119 fifth-graders and their parents. Multivariate regressions were used to examine the relationships of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and race/ethnicity to problem behaviors Contributor Statement: LM Bogart was responsible for conceptualization of the research questions and interpretation of findings, and led the writing the article. MN Elliott contributed to the conceptualization of the research questions and writing of the article, and led the design of the analysis plan. DE Kanouse contributed to the conceptualization of the overall study and interpretation of findings, and reviewed the article. DJ Klein contributed to the conception of the analysis plan, conducted the data analyses, helped to interpret the results, and contributed to the writing of the article. SL Davies, PM Cuccaro, SW Banspach, and MF Peskin contributed to the interpretation of findings and reviewed the article. MA Schuster led the conceptualization of the overall study, contributed to interpretation of findings, and reviewed the article.Human Participant Protection: Institutional review boards at each study site and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention approved this study. (physical and non-physical aggression, retaliatory behaviors, and delinquency). We used values from these regressions to calculate the percentage of disparities in problem behaviors associated with the discrimination effect. HHS Public AccessAuthor manuscript Am J Public Health. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 June 01.Results-In multivariate models, perceived discrimination was associated with greater problem behaviors among Black and Latino youth. Compared to Whites, Blacks were significantly more likely to report problem behaviors, whereas Latinos were significantly less likely (a "reverse disparity"). When Blacks' and Latinos' discrimination experiences were set to zero, the adjusted disparity between Blacks and Whites was reduced by an estimated one-third to two-thirds; the reverse adjusted disparity favoring Latinos widened by about one-fifth to one-half. Conclusions-Resultssuggest that the elimination of discrimination could lead to considerable reductions in mental health issues, including problem behaviors, among Black and Latino youth.

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Social Inequality and Racial Discrimination: Risk Factors for Health Disparities in Children of Color

Cited by 180 publications

References 147 publications

Minority Parents' Perspectives on Racial Socialization and School Readiness in the Early Childhood Period

Minority Parents' Perspectives on Racial Socialization and School Readiness in the Early Childhood Period

Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status in Research on Child Health

Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Problem Behaviors Among Preadolescent Youths

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