Social, health and ethnicity correlates of complaints of excessive police force

Smith, Sven; Ferguson, Christopher J.; Miguel, Claudia E San; Ynalvez, Marcus Antonius; Henderson, Howard

doi:10.1002/cbm.2255

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…As a consequence, the police tend to be more active in poor neighbourhoods, leading to more interactions between police officers and residents; such interactions may escalate into violence between civilians and police (Sorensen et al, 1993). Previous evidence has found that community level mental-health strain, in particular, is associated with police misconduct (Smith et al, 2022).…”

Section: Shootings By Police Officersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although Black individuals make up somewhere between 11% and 15% of the population of the USA, they are over a quarter (27.5%) of victims in police‐involved fatal shootings in 2018 (Siegel et al., 2019); Beck (2021) reports that a similar higher proportion of violent criminal arrests are recorded against Black people, suggesting that the extent of police contact may be a key issue. At present, there are mixed findings on whether race does or does not predict police shootings or other misconduct (Cesario et al., 2019; Hemenway et al., 2020; Scott et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Police shootings, violent crime, race and socio‐economic factors in municipalities in the United States of America

Henderson,

Bourgeois,

Smith

et al. 2024

Criminal Behav Ment Health

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BackgroundBoth police shootings and violent crime remain high in the United States of America compared to other developed nations but debates continue about whether race, mental health or other social factors are related to them.AimsOur aim was to test relationships between community factors indicative of socio‐economic status, racial demographics, police shootings, and violent crime.MethodsData on police shootings, violent crime and community sociodemographic factors were drawn from two publicly accessible datasets: health and police records of 100 US municipalities and relationships between them explored using regression analyses.ResultsData were from the 100 largest US municipalities as designated by the mapping police violence database. The median per capital violent crime rate was 5.94 and median killings by police per 10 thousand arrests was 13.7. Violent crime was found to be related mainly to income inequality and lower academic achievement in the community. Race was unrelated to violent crime after controlling for other factors. Police shootings were found to be related to community level mental health concerns, food insecurity and the municipality's violent crime rate.ConclusionThe evidence suggests that socio‐economic factors are the primary drivers of both violent crime perpetration and police shootings. Policy approaches aimed at improving education and reducing poverty are likely to mitigate both violent crime and police shootings. However, it is important to recognise that being Black is an indicator of particular disadvantage within this context. This underscores the need for comprehensive strategies that address the systemic issues of racial disparities and socio‐economic inequality, while also acknowledging the complex interplay of race, poverty and policing in the context of violent crime and police shootings.

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Section: Shootings By Police Officersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Police shootings, violent crime, race and socio‐economic factors in municipalities in the United States of America

Henderson,

Bourgeois,

Smith

et al. 2024

Criminal Behav Ment Health

Self Cite

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“…Disproportionately high levels of police violence among people identified as Black and Latine (Edwards et al, 2019; Scott et al, 2017) have significant health consequences for these populations (Jindal et al, 2022; McLeod et al, 2019). Over the past decade, public awareness of police violence have been on the rise through media coverage of several high‐profile events such as the killings of Breonna Taylor and George Floyd (Smith et al, 2022). The most well‐known of these movements–Black Lives Matter (BLM)–is largely centered around promoting policy change, moving toward investment in the future of Black people, with a major emphasis on transforming the juvenile and criminal legal systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racism and violence in policing: Perspectives from a juvenile prison

Fix

2024

Journal Community Psychology

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Following recent events involving racism and violence in policing, the current study sought to understand factors associated with support for related social movements and worries about personal, family, and peer safety. Data were from 78 currently incarcerated young people (M = 16.5 years; 31% Black) and 20 juvenile prison staff (M = 40.3 years; 72% Black) via online surveys. A comparable proportion of young people (47.3%) and staff (47.4%) reported participating in the Black Lives Matter movement. Among young people, prior experiences with police were significantly associated with support for social movements and worries about safety concerning racism and violence in policing. Among staff, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and racial and ethnic identity were significantly associated with social movement support and worries about safety. Civic education and interventions to promote racial and ethnic identity may promote support for systemic change and buffer against worries about racism and violence in policing.

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“…While mental illness was only attributed to one out every 42 fatal assaults on police officers in the United States between 1993 and 2002 (Cordner, 2006), PwMI die in approximately one of every four fatal police interactions (Saleh et al, 2018) and are 16 times more likely to be killed in a police encounter than the general population (Fuller et al, 2015). When police officers perceive PwMI as a threat and have limited or no training on how to peacefully defuse these types of crises, they may resort to undue force, or in other cases, “mercy bookings” in order to maintain the safety of themselves and/or others (Smith et al, 2022). This greatly contributes to the critical issue that PwMI represent a disproportionately large fraction of the jail and prison populations (Bronson and Berzofsky, 2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Intersection of Health and Justice: An Evaluation of Mental Health First Aid Training for Justice-involved Professionals

Arazan

Weich

2023

Police Quarterly

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Where historically justice and behavioral health professionals have functioned independently in systems that often collide, the ability to provide community behavioral health training to justice involved professionals may lead to enhanced public safety and decreases in incarcerations. This study evaluated the impact of the Mental Health First Aid program completed by 85 justice professionals. Study participants completed a questionnaire before and after the training to assess the impact on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Findings suggest the training reduced stigmatizing attitudes and improved participants’recognition of mental health disorders, self-confidence in providing help, and intent to help. The results of this study provide preliminary evidence supportive of justice communities investing in the Mental Health First Aid training consistent with the International Chiefs of Police Association’s commitment to the “One Mind Campaign” to ensure that justice professionals have the skills to safely and responsibly meet the needs of people with mental illness

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Social, health and ethnicity correlates of complaints of excessive police force

Cited by 5 publications

References 46 publications

Police shootings, violent crime, race and socio‐economic factors in municipalities in the United States of America

Police shootings, violent crime, race and socio‐economic factors in municipalities in the United States of America

Racism and violence in policing: Perspectives from a juvenile prison

The Intersection of Health and Justice: An Evaluation of Mental Health First Aid Training for Justice-involved Professionals

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