Social freezing of oocytes: a means to take control of your fertility

Wennberg, Ann‐Marie

doi:10.1080/03009734.2019.1707332

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…With increasing age in women at the time of oocyte cryopreservation, outcomes are more negative. Women who are older at the time of ovarian stimulation for oocyte preservation require higher gonadotropin doses and storage of more oocytes of lower quality [36,37].…”

Section: Optimal Timing Of Cryopreservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Freezing: Pressing Pause on Fertility

Varlas

Borş

Albu

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Increasing numbers of women are undergoing oocyte or tissue cryopreservation for medical or social reasons to increase their chances of having genetic children. Social egg freezing (SEF) allows women to preserve their fertility in anticipation of age-related fertility decline and ineffective fertility treatments at older ages. The purpose of this study was to summarize recent findings focusing on the challenges of elective egg freezing. We performed a systematic literature review on social egg freezing published during the last ten years. From the systematically screened literature, we identified and analyzed five main topics of interest during the last decade: (a) different fertility preservation techniques, (b) safety of freezing, (c) usage rate of frozen oocytes, (d) ethical considerations, and (e) cost-effectiveness of SEF. Fertility can be preserved for non-medical reasons through oocyte, embryos, or ovarian tissue cryopreservation, with oocyte vitrification being a new and optimal approach. Elective oocyte cryopreservation is better accepted, supports social gender equality, and enhances women’s reproductive autonomy. Despite controversies, planned oocyte cryopreservation appears as a chosen strategy against age-related infertility and may allow women to feel that they are more socially, psychologically, and financially stable before motherhood.

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Section: Optimal Timing Of Cryopreservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple cycles of controlled ovarian stimulation might be needed to obtain a sufficient number of oocytes [1]. Women can attempt a maximum of four oocyte retrieval cycles; the ideal number of retrieved oocytes is 20 [5,37].…”

Section: The Optimal Number Of Oocytementioning

confidence: 99%

Social Freezing: Pressing Pause on Fertility

Varlas

Borş

Albu

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Increasingly limited opportunities for international adoption have contributed to the spread of international surrogacy. In this regard, a wide range of methods are available today for infertile couples, which are important in supporting natural fertilization (Wennberg, 2020). If surrogacy is legal in any country, citizens have the right to travel abroad for a variety of reasons: to gain access to surrogacy with more innovative infertility treatment, lower costs, the ability to use genetic engineering using specific genetic materials (Caldwell, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems of Concluding Surrogacy Agreements: Practice of Ukraine and the EU

Тарасевич

Melnyk

et al. 2022

Cuest. Pol.

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The aim of the article was to identify and analyses typical problems of concluding surrogacy agreements in the context of supranational challenges and pandemics. This aim was achieved with a view to the peculiarities of the legal status of surrogacy in leading European countries. Methods of observation, comparative legal analysis and legal simulation became the basic methodological tools. The study resulted in grouping of the European countries according to the state of surrogacy legalization, as well as outlining the leading problems of concluding and executing surrogacy agreements. It was stated that women in current realities are becoming commercial gestational carriers, and are not acting in the best interests of the child. The study proves a high degree of levelling of the terms of surrogacy agreements in Ukraine, which requires immediate legislator’s response. It is argued that the approach to altruistic surrogacy has the potential to eradicate commercial agreements in a cross-border context. Further author’s research will focus on establishing a unified and optimally effective international approach to solving problems of concluding surrogacy agreements.

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“…There is a wide range of methods available for infertile couples that offer important support for natural fertilization [ 1 , 2 ]. However, according to critics, such techniques, including surrogacy, can result in the commodification of human life and the exploitation of women, which is what makes surrogacy, particularly the commercial kind, so moot from a bioethical standpoint [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surrogacy and “Procreative Tourism”. What Does the Future Hold from the Ethical and Legal Perspectives?

et al. 2021

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Background and objectives: To explore the ethical and legal complexities arising from the controversial issue of surrogacy, particularly in terms of how they affect fundamental rights of children and parents. Surrogacy is a form of medically-assisted procreation (MAP) in which a woman “lends” her uterus to carry out a pregnancy on behalf of a third party. There are pathological conditions, such as uterine agenesis or hysterectomy outcomes, that may prevent prospective mothers from becoming pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term; such patients may consider finding a surrogate mother. Many issues relating to surrogacy remain unresolved, with significant disagreements and controversy within the scientific community and public opinion. There are several factors called into play and multiple parties and stakeholders whose objectives and interests need to somehow be reconciled. First and foremost, the authors contend, it is essential to prioritize and uphold the rights of children born through surrogacy and heterologous MAP. Materials and methods: To draw a parallel between Italy and the rest of the world, the legislation in force in twelve European countries was analyzed, eleven of which are part of the European Union (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Lithuania, Czech Republic and Portugal) and three non-members of the same (United Kingdom, Ukraine and Russia), as well as that of twelve non-European countries considered exemplary (United States, Canada, Australia, India, China, Thailand, Israel, Nigeria and South Africa); in particular, legislative sources and legal databases were drawn upon, in order to draw a comparison with the Italian legislation currently in force and map out the evolution of the Italian case law on the basis of the judgments issued by Italian courts, including the Constitutional and Supreme Courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR); search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar were also used, by entering the keywords “surrogacy” and “surrogate motherhood”, to find scientific articles concerning assisted reproduction techniques with a close focus on surrogacy. Results: SM is a prohibited and sanctioned practice in Italy; on the other hand, it is allowed in other countries of the world, which leads Italian couples, or couples from other countries where it is banned, to often contact foreign centers in order to undertake a MAP pathway which includes surrogacy; in addition, challenges may arise from the legal status of children born through surrogacy abroad: to date, in most countries, there is no specific legislation aimed at regulating their legal registration and parental status. Conclusion: With reference to the Italian context, despite the scientific and legal evolution on the subject, a legislative intervention aimed at filling the regulatory gaps in terms of heterologous MAP and surrogacy has not yet come to fruition. Considering the possibility of “fertility tourism”, i.e., traveling to countries where the practice is legal, as indeed already happens in a relatively significant number of cases, the current legislation, although integrated by the legal interpretation, does not appear to be effective in avoiding the phenomenon of procreative tourism. Moreover, to overcome some contradictions currently present between law 40 and law 194, it would be appropriate to outline an organic and exhaustive framework of rules, which should take into account the multiplicity of interests at stake, in keeping with a fair and sustainable balance when regulating such practices.

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Social freezing of oocytes: a means to take control of your fertility

Cited by 19 publications

References 33 publications

Social Freezing: Pressing Pause on Fertility

Social Freezing: Pressing Pause on Fertility

Problems of Concluding Surrogacy Agreements: Practice of Ukraine and the EU

Surrogacy and “Procreative Tourism”. What Does the Future Hold from the Ethical and Legal Perspectives?

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