Social Feminism

Determining the applicability of feminist theories by examining the mediation and moderation effects on non‐economic performance in Lao micro, small, and medium‐sized enterprises

“…There are a number of feminist theories. This paper focuses on liberal feminism and social feminism as these two theories can be applied in MSME practice as the former is concerned with different levels of controlling resource endowments and the latter is involved with different levels of resource endowments and different motivation in terms of implementing these endowments to achieve better performance (Black, 1989;Fischer et al, 1993). Social feminism argues that it is not usually the case that when male and female entrepreneurs control similar levels of endowments and they can achieve similar firm performances.…”

Feminist comparative policy: A new field of study

“…The first cluster, Feminist Policy Formation, examines the ways in which public policy promotes women's status and strikes down gender hierarchies through studying the obstacles, actors, content and processes of feminist policy (e.g., Ratner 1980;Ruggie 1984;Meehan 1985;Lovenduski 1986;Lovenduski & Outshoorn 1986;Norris 1987;Randall 1982Randall , 1987Meehan & Sevenhuijsen 1991;Kahn & Meehan 1992;Lovenduski & Randall 1993;Hetlinger 1993;Hart 1994;Mazur 1995;Elman 1996;Githens & Stetson 1996;Drew et al 1998;Gardiner 1997). The next cluster, Feminist Movement and Policy, focuses on the interplay between organized feminism and women's movements more broadly construed and policy formation, outcome, and impact (e.g., Jenson 1985;Dahlerup 1986;Duchen 1986;Katzenstein & Mueller 1987;Beckwith 1987;Black 1989;Gelb 1989;Kaplan 1992;Ferree & Martin 1995;Threlfall 1996;Banaszak 1996;Gustafsson et al 1997;Andrew & Rodgers 1997;Bashevkin 1998).…”

“…The first group consists of theoretical single country case studies that sometimes increase the number of observations by using the 'within country case study approach' (Collier 1993) and/or examine a wide variety of policies within one country (Lovenduski & Randall 1993;Stetson 1987;Stetson 1992;Mazur 1995;Elman 1996;Gregory 1987;Gelb & Palley 1987;Gustaffson et al 1997;Bashevkin 1998;Cockburn 1991;Watson 1990;Eisenstein 1990;Sawer 1990;Abrar et al 1998;Boneparth & Stoper 1982Bussemaker & Voet 1997;Franzway et al 1988). The second group of studies, often applying the Comparative Method (Lijphart 1971(Lijphart , 1975Collier 1993), selects two or three countries as a means of sorting through hypotheses about the determinants of the state and gender phenomena under-study (Ruggie 1984;Meehan 1985;Randall 1982Randall , 1987Kahn & Meehan 1992;Leira 1992;Heatlinger 1993;Hart 1994;Black 1989;Gelb 1989;Hernes 1987;Burrell 1997;Davis 1997;Bashevkin 1985;Gardiner 1997;Haavio-Mannila et al 1985;Savage & Witz 1992: Lewis 1983.…”

Feminists in Power: Women Cabinet Ministers in the New Democratic Party (NDP) Government of Ontario, 1990–1995

“…To be a feminist, according to Di Stephano (1997), one must "attempt to contribute to the demise of gender systems" and make a commitment to eliminating gender hierarchy. Black (1989) separates social feminism from equity feminism: Equity feminism focuses on women's similarity to men, and the demand for eqtiality is made on that basis, whereas social feminism calls for wider public action derived from women's specificity. Offen (1988) defines feminism as an ideology and a movement for social change that seeks to destroy masculine hierarchy but not end sexual dualism.…”