Social enterprise in Europe: recent trends and developments

Abstract

Purpose -Twelve years ago, the concept of social enterprise was rarely discussed in Europe, however it is now making significant breakthroughs in European Union (EU) countries. Within this context, the purpose of this paper is to synthesize major evolutions experienced by social enterprises across Europe and the key challenges they are facing; and specific members of the EMES European Research Network provide a more in-depth update as to current trends and debates in their respective countries Design/methodology/approach -This paper is based on a comparative analysis of the different institutions (legal frameworks, public policies, supporting structures, public procurement policies . . .) which support the development of social enterprises in the different EU countries. To delimit the field, the paper relies on the "ideal-type" social enterprise as defined by the EMES network: "Social enterprises are not-for-profit private organizations providing goods or services directly related to their explicit aim to benefit the community. They rely on a collective dynamics involving various types of stakeholders in their governing bodies, they place a high value on their autonomy and they bear economic risks linked to their activity". Findings -It was found that although the concept of social enterprise itself has not gained the same recognition in all EU countries (and is even still poorly understood in several of them), the reality is that growth and social enterprise are being experienced in most EU countries. Originality/value -If the concept of social enterprise is on the public agenda of several EU countries, the understanding as well as the institutions to support their development vary from one country to the other. This paper provides a comparative analysis of this heterogeneous but rich landscape.

Trust, Social Capital, and the Coordination of Relationships Between the Members of Cooperatives: A Comparison Between Member-Focused Cooperatives and Third-Party-Focused Cooperatives

“…In a similar vein, the European research stream on social enterprises has highlighted the emergence of forms of registered cooperatives which provide services to a broader community as well as acting in a general societal interest rather than being entirely member-focused in their activities (Kerlin 2006;Defourny and Nyssens 2008). These cooperative initiatives often fill the gap left by the withdrawal of the state and focus on satisfying social needs (Gonzales 2007;Kerlin 2013).…”

Directions for Social Enterprise from an Efficiency Perspective

“…Although there is no universal definition of social enterprise, there are various definitions from researchers and state institutions [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Therefore, clarifying the definition is an important research topic, but it is not the main purpose of this study, so it is not to be introduced further.…”

Work Integration Social Enterprises in Austria – Characteristics, Evolution and Perspectives

“…They rely on a collective dynamic involving various types of stakeholders in their governing bodies. Furthermore, they place a high value on their autonomy and bear economic risks linked to their activity (Defourny and Nyssens 2008). This set of social, economic and participatory governance criteria is to be seen as an ideal-type model as the authors have emphasized.…”