Social dilemma analysis on vaccination game accounting for the effect of immunity waning

Influence of waning immunity on vaccination decision-making: A multi-strain epidemic model with an evolutionary approach analyzing cost and efficacy

“…By considering disease dynamics, total infected individuals, infection cost, vaccination cost, and vaccine efficacy, this approach facilitates personalized vaccination decisions, culminating in the concept of the “vaccination game”. The application of this method has yielded numerous insights and predictions pertinent to vaccination campaigns ( Kabir, 2021 ; Kabir et al., 2019b , 2020 ; Nishimura, Arefin, Tatsukawa, & Utsumi, 2023 ; Rajib Arefin et al., 2019 ).…”

“…In this investigation, we present a comprehensive behavioral epidemic model featuring multiple strains, built upon the SIRS/V dynamics and incorporating two distinct vaccination options. Our model allows individuals to make vaccination choices based on key factors such as the total number of infected individuals, vaccination costs, and the efficacy of available vaccines with the presence of wanning immunity ( Chun-Miin Chen, 2021 ; Fahdilla, Putri, & Haripamyu, 2021 ; Hamami, Cameron, Pollock, & Shankland, 2017 ; Nakata & Omori, 2015 ; Nishimura et al., 2023 ; Van Boven, De Melker, Schellekens, & Kretzschmar, 2000 ). The multistrain context enables an exploration of how these behavioral dynamics influence the dominance or coexistence of the two vaccination options over time ( Khan et al., 2022a , 2023 ; Rajib Arefin et al., 2019 ).…”