Social Development and Revolution in Iran

Kadivar, Mohammad Ali

doi:10.1525/sod.2021.0029

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Women have made some advances since the 1979 revolution, particularly in terms of literacy and educational attainment, and the Islamic Republic has contributed to the expansion of mass literacy, as well as public and private university education (Kadivar, 2022: 230). Several scholars of note have also argued over the years that the post-revolutionary state made education a feasible option for women coming from conservative religious households.…”

Section: Overdetermination Contradiction and Conjunctural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Iran’s uprisings for ‘Women, Life, Freedom’: Over-determination, crisis, and the lineages of revolt

Sadeghi‐Boroujerdi

2023

Politics

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This article explores the manifold lineages of crisis and revolt currently afflicting the Islamic Republic of Iran, most recently bursting forth in the 2022/2023 national uprisings where women-led mass protests and forceful rejection of mandatory veiling laws captured global attention. This interdisciplinary piece of research, bringing together several different theoretical approaches and historical literatures, interrogates and reflects upon what I call following Stuart Hall a ‘conjunctural crisis’ along the four major axes of (1) gender oppression and social reproduction; (2) the ethnocentric, dominative, and centralising nation-state and the still unresolved ‘ethno-national question’; (3) ‘religious democracy’ and the impasse of the Reform movement; and (4) authoritarian neoliberalism and the Islamic Republic’s political economy of predation. The article aims to show not only how these distinct crises have longer and more complicated lineages than might initially appear to be the case but also demonstrate how they have mutually constituted and shaped one another over the course of several decades, constituting part of a larger political and social system. Moreover, it aspires to provide a systematic and historically contextualised account of ongoing emancipatory struggles for democratic rights and liberation in today’s Iran.

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Section: Overdetermination Contradiction and Conjunctural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Iran’s uprisings for ‘Women, Life, Freedom’: Over-determination, crisis, and the lineages of revolt

Sadeghi‐Boroujerdi

2023

Politics

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“…19 According to the World Bank (2022), the total government expenditure on education (% of GDP) in Iran increased from an average of 2.8% during 1972-1975 to an average of 4.47% from 1981 to 1988. For a critical review of literature on the post-revolution social performance in Iran, see Kadivar (2022). 20 The revolution and Iran-Iraq war, 1980-1988 as well as the academic cleansing program (well-known as cultural revolution) of 1980-1983 caused an increase in out-migration of Iranians that were better educated and presumably healthier than the remaining population (Azadi et al, 2020).…”

Section: Endnotesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 19 According to the World Bank (2022), the total government expenditure on education (% of GDP) in Iran increased from an average of 2.8% during 1972–1975 to an average of 4.47% from 1981 to 1988. For a critical review of literature on the post‐revolution social performance in Iran, see Kadivar (2022). …”

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confidence: 99%

Years of life lost to revolution and war in Iran

Farzanegan

2023

Review Development Economics

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How was life expectancy in Iran affected by the Islamic Revolution and subsequent war with Iraq? This study examines the joint effect of regime change and the war against Iraq on life expectancy in Iran between 1978 and 1988. If there had been no revolution and war in Iran, how would the life expectancy of Iranians have developed? To answer this question, we use a synthetic control model to construct a counterfactual Iran based on a weighted average of other comparable countries, which reproduces the situation of pre‐revolution Iran but does not experience the revolution and war. We then compare the life expectancies of the counterfactual and actual Iran that underwent a regime change and war with Iraq. Our results indicate that an average Iranian's total life expectancy would have been approximately five years longer without the revolution and war. The revolution had a moderate long‐term impact on total life expectancy at birth, with the most significant influence being attributed to the war itself, particularly on male life expectancy. Our main findings are robust to a series of tests, including placebo tests. We investigate possible reasons that may explain the impact on longevity.

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The effect of Islamic revolution and war on income inequality in Iran

Farzanegan

Kadivar

2023

Empir Econ

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Existing research has pointed to the decreasing effect of revolutions and wars on income inequality. It is unclear whether this reduction is the result of ongoing changes before revolutions and wars or if the results are standalone effects. In this study, we focus on the case of the Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979 and the subsequent Iran–Iraq war from 1980 to 1988. We use the synthetic control method to study the effect of revolution and war on changes in income inequality levels. Had there been no revolution and war in Iran, how would income inequality have developed? Utilizing the synthetic control method, we create a counterfactual Iran that reproduces the socioeconomic characteristics of Iran before the Islamic revolution. Then, we compare the income inequality of the counterfactual Iran without the revolution and war to the factual Iran under a new political regime for the period of 1970–1988. Our results, based on two different indicators of Iran’s Gini index, show a significant effect of the revolution and war on reducing income inequality. Over the entire 1979–1988 period, on average and per year, the Gini index of Iran was reduced by approximately three standard deviations of the index. The main findings are robust to a series of tests, including placebo tests.

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Social Development and Revolution in Iran

Cited by 5 publications

References 28 publications

Iran’s uprisings for ‘Women, Life, Freedom’: Over-determination, crisis, and the lineages of revolt

Iran’s uprisings for ‘Women, Life, Freedom’: Over-determination, crisis, and the lineages of revolt

Years of life lost to revolution and war in Iran

The effect of Islamic revolution and war on income inequality in Iran

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