Social determinants of malaria in an endemic area of Indonesia

Abstract

Background Malaria is an increasing concern in Indonesia. Socio-demographic factors were found to strongly influence malaria prevalence. This research aimed to explore the associations between socio-demographic factors and malaria prevalence in Indonesia. Methods The study used a cross-sectional design and analysed relationships among the explanatory variables of malaria prevalence in five endemic provinces using multivariable logistic regression. Results The analysis of baseline socio-demographic data revealed the following independent risk variables related to malaria prevalence: gender, age, occupation, knowledge of the availability of healthcare services, measures taken to protect from mosquito bites, and housing condition of study participants. Multivariable analysis showed that participants who were unaware of the availability of health facilities were 4.2 times more likely to have malaria than those who were aware of the health facilities (adjusted odds ratio = 4.18; 95% CI 1.52–11.45; P = 0.005). Conclusions Factors that can be managed and would favour malaria elimination include a range of prevention behaviours at the individual level and using the networks at the community level of primary healthcare centres. This study suggests that improving the availability of a variety of health facilities in endemic areas, information about their services, and access to these is essential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2760-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

<p>Prevalence of Malaria and Associated Risk Factors Among Febrile Children Under Five Years: A Cross-Sectional Study in Arba Minch Zuria District, South Ethiopia</p>

“…Inconsistent with our finding, sociodemographic factors, use of mosquito nets and unimproved conditions of housing structure were associated with higher malaria prevalence. 21 About 79.3% of the study participants were aware of the fact that Plasmodium is the cause of death in malaria endemic areas. Of the 271 parents/caregivers, 71.2% knew about the mode of malaria transmission via mosquitoes' bite.…”

“…27 Moreover, another study also showed that individuals who did not use mosquito nets at night were more likely to have malaria than those who did. 21 A two-year prospective cohort study done at Arba Minch Zuria district, Ethiopia showed that the ITNs use fraction reached 69%, but the utilization in under 5 year old children it was very low. 28 Similarly, there was high percentage (93.3%) access for ITN by parents'/caregivers, still it is not considerably applied for under 5 year old children.…”

Spatio-Temporal Dynamic of Malaria Incidence: A Comparison of Two Ecological Zones in Mali

“…In Mali, in particular, the disease remains highly endemic with resurgence in epidemic prone areas [ 4 ]. Many recent studies have shown multiple factors influencing malaria transmission, including socio-economics, demographic and climatic conditions [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ] as well as behaviors and access to health care [ 42 ]. Environmental, meteorological, vegetation and hydraulic components have been identified to play an important role in malaria transmission dynamics [ 7 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Weighted Multilevel Models for Malaria Indicator Survey

“…For a household background variables, we considered those commonly investigated in the malaria literature (e.g. see [26,16,27,17,28,29]) and these include number of household members, whether household had mosquito nests that can be used while sleeping or not which was a dichotomous variable with the categories yes or no; whether household sprayed interior walls of the dwelling against mosquitoes within the last 12 months prior to the survey or not which was a dichotomous variable with the categories yes or no; number of rooms in the dwelling, the dwelling has windows which was a dichotomous variable with categories yes and no; main source of drinking water which was a three-category variable with the categories unprotected, protected source and piped water; main material of the house wall which was a three-category variable with the categories no wall, wood and finished wall (e.g. bricks); main material of house floor which was a three-category variable with the categories earth plastered by dung, rudimentary and finished floor (e.g.…”