Social determinants of health and COVID-19 infection in Brazil: an analysis of the pandemic

Figueiredo, Alexandre Medeiros de; Figueiredo, Daniela; Gomes, Luciano Bezerra; Massuda, Adriano; Gil‐García, Eugenia; Vianna, Rodrigo Pinheiro de Tolêdo; Daponte, Antonio

doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0673

Cited by 59 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These variables also explained 57·9% of the variations in mortality in the country. 37 Similarly, in Brazil, it was found that 56·2% of the municipalities with COVID-19 confirmed cases presented a very low human development index. 38 In Colombia, no study has evaluated the individual risk for COVID-19 at a large-scale level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Bogotá, Colombia: Results From a Large Epidemiological Surveillance Study

Varela

Flórez

Tamayo-Cabeza

et al. 2021

The Lancet Regional Health - Americas

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Background Epidemiologic surveillance of COVID-19 is essential to collect and analyse data to improve public health decision making during the pandemic. There are few initiatives led by public-private alliances in Colombia and Latin America. The CoVIDA project contributed with RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in mild or asymptomatic populations in Bogotá. The present study aimed to determine the factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in working adults. Methods COVID-19 intensified sentinel epidemiological surveillance study, from April 18, 2020, to March 29, 2021. The study included people aged 18 years or older without a history of COVID-19. Two main occupational groups were included: healthcare and essential services workers with high mobility in the city. Social, demographic, and health-related factors were collected via phone survey. Afterwards, the molecular test was conducted to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection. Findings From the 58,638 participants included in the study, 3,310 (5·6%) had a positive result. A positive result was associated with the age group (18-29 years) compared with participants aged 60 or older, participants living with more than three cohabitants, living with a confirmed case, having no affiliation to the health system compared to those with social health security, reporting a very low socioeconomic status compared to those with higher socioeconomic status, and having essential occupations compared to healthcare workers. Interpretation The CoVIDA study showed the importance of intensified epidemiological surveillance to identify groups with increased risk of infection. These groups should be prioritised in the screening, contact tracing, and vaccination strategies to mitigate the pandemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Bogotá, Colombia: Results From a Large Epidemiological Surveillance Study

Varela

Flórez

Tamayo-Cabeza

et al. 2021

The Lancet Regional Health - Americas

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“…Besides the aspects related to the state's highways and airways, it is pertinent to highlight the importance of other factors that when present in the territories favor spatial dispersion, among which are the population's living conditions and the social dynamics in different countries and regions ( de Souza et al, 2020b ; Biggs et al, 2020 ; Bambra et al, 2020 ; Hawkins, 2020 ). In Brazil, about 59% in the variation in the incidence of COVID-19 is attributed to social inequalities of income, population density, and higher lethality ( Figueiredo et al, 2020 ). For this reason, it has been argued that the poorest populations are most severely affected by the consequences of the pandemic ( de Souza et al, 2020b ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airports, highways and COVID-19: An analysis of spatial dynamics in Brazil

Souza

Machado

Silva³

et al. 2021

Journal of Transport & Health

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Introduction The high transmissibility and infectivity of the new coronavirus, the high proportion of asymptomatic transmitters and the rapid and continuous spatial displacement of people, by the different mechanisms of locomotion, are elements that can contribute to the dissemination of COVID-19. This study aims to describe the geographical dispersion of COVID-19 in the state of Bahia and the importance of major airports and highways in the dynamics of disease transmission. Methods This is an ecological study involving all cases of COVID-19 registered in the state of Bahia between March 6, date of the first registered case and May 16, 2020. After collection, an exploratory spatial analysis was performed, considering the cases accumulated on the last day of each epidemiological week. Results The first cases of COVID-19 were concentrated in areas served by three important airport complexes in the state, located in Salvador, Ilhéus and Porto Seguro. From week 16–20, there was a more intense expansion of COVID-19 to the interior of the state. A global spatial autocorrelation was observed (I Moran 0.2323; p = 0.01), with the influence of distance: positive correlation at distances less than 205.8 km (I Moran 0.040; p = 0.01) and greater than 800 km (I Moran 0.080; p = 0.01). Conclusions Based on the spatial dispersion pattern of COVID-19 in the state of Bahia, airports and highways that cross the state were responsible for the interiorization of the disease.

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“…The lowest HDI was found for Almenara and São Francisco, located in the Northeast and North macro-regions, respectively, considered the most unreliable in MG. According to a study carried out in Brazil, the progression in the incidence and mortality rates due to COVID-19 was more prominent in states with greater socio-economic inequalities, while among the states with lower inequality, there were modest increases in these epidemiological rates ( 1 ); 59.8% of variation in the incidence of COVID-19, was explained by income inequality, substantial home gathering, and higher mortality, indicating that socioeconomic factors influenced the evolution and impact of COVID-19 in Brazil ( 2 ). However, another study evaluated COVID-19 prevalence in relation to HDI, and the authors did not show greater prevalence of the disease in municipalities with precarious conditions ( 39 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 in medium-sized municipalities in the 14 health macro-regions of Minas Gerais, Brazil

JÚnior

Nascimento

Matiles

et al. 2021

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The present study focused on the scenario of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil, from March 2020 to March 2021. We evaluated the evolution of COVID-19 prevalence and death in one municipality from each of the 14 health macro-regions of MG state. Socio-demographic characteristics and variables related to the municipalities were analyzed. The raw dataset used in this study was freely sourced from the website Brasil.io. From the raw dataset, two time series were extracted: the cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 and cumulative death counts, and they were compared to the state data using a nowcasting approach. In order to make time series comparisons possible, all data was normalized per 100,000 inhabitants. When analyzing in light of colored wave code interventions initiated in August 2020 in MG, for the majority of the municipalities, there was an absence of clear influence on prevalence and deaths. The national holidays in the first semester of 2020 had a small impact on the COVID-19 prevalence of the municipalities, but the holidays in the second semester of 2020 and beginning of 2021 caused important impacts on COVID-19 prevalence. The low number of ICU beds in some municipalities contributed to the higher number of deaths. The analysis showed here is expected to contribute to the improvement of decision making of the MG government, as it opened a huge possibility to have the total macro-regions and state data analyzed.

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Social determinants of health and COVID-19 infection in Brazil: an analysis of the pandemic

Cited by 59 publications

References 19 publications

Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Bogotá, Colombia: Results From a Large Epidemiological Surveillance Study

Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Bogotá, Colombia: Results From a Large Epidemiological Surveillance Study

Airports, highways and COVID-19: An analysis of spatial dynamics in Brazil

COVID-19 in medium-sized municipalities in the 14 health macro-regions of Minas Gerais, Brazil

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