“…In response to these challenges, social democratic parties developed electoral strategies to appeal to new constituencies and build cross-class coalitions (Przeworksi and Sprague, 1986;Kitschelt, 1994). They developed organisations that were more disconnected from voters and less rooted in working-class constituencies (Katz and Mair, 1995), shifting towards the right in programmatic terms (Glyn, 2001;Lavelle, 2008;Merkel et al, 2008). In the short run, this so-called 'Third Way' (Giddens, 1998) was electorally successful, but it had negative electoral consequences in the long run (Arndt, 2013;Horn, 2021;Loxbo et al, 2021;Karreth et al, 2013;Schwander and Manow, 2017).…”