Social Class, Life Expectancy and Overall Mortality

Antonovsky, Aaron

doi:10.2307/3348839

Cited by 604 publications

(294 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This question is as difficult to answer as the broader question of why there are enduring social class differentials in mortality [3,4,12]. The Mersey inquiry restricted its attention to considering three possible explanations of the class differences in survival: (1) that the third class passengers were deliberately excluded from the lifeboats; (2) that the conditions of the ship operated to the disadvantage of the passengers; and (3) that the third class passengers reduced their chances of survival by their own behaviour.…”

Section: Why Were There Social Class Differences In Rates Of Survival?mentioning

confidence: 92%

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Social class and survival on the S.S. Titanic

Hall

1986

Social Science & Medicine

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Passengers' chances of surviving the sinking of the S.S. Titanic were related to their sex and their social class: females were more likely to survive than males, and the chances of survival declined with social class as measured by the class in which the passenger travelled. The probable reasons for these differences in rates of survival are discussed as are the reasons accepted by the Mersey Committee of Inquiry into the sinking.

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Section: Why Were There Social Class Differences In Rates Of Survival?mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…[3][4][5]). The details of sex and class differences in survival and the reasons for them are less well known.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social class and survival on the S.S. Titanic

Hall

1986

Social Science & Medicine

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“…Researchers posit that what happens during childhood may literally become a part of one's physiological being, contrary to the adage that time heals old wounds. 22,24 The aim of the current study was to contribute to the scarce research examining the association between the number of ACEs and adult well-being of vulnerable populations, such as people who were in foster care as children. We also examined the relationship between adult wellbeing and the number of ACEs reported to occur before and during foster care.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychosocial Well-Being of Women Who Were in Foster Care as Children

Bruskas¹,

Tessin²

2013

TPJ

113

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Background and Objective: Research has shown that many children in foster care later have psychosocial problems as adults; this is often attributed to cumulative adversities and a lack of supportive caregivers. The risk factors associated with foster care, such as maternal separation and multiple placements, often counteract many protective factors that can ameliorate the effects of childhood adversities. This study assessed the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and psychosocial well-being in women who were in foster care as children.Methods: A total of 101 women aged 18-71 years (mean, 36.83 [12.95] years) completed an anonymous online survey based on the 10-item ACE Questionnaire, the Sense of Coherence questionnaire, and the General Health Questionnaire.Results: More than 56% of respondents were identified as experiencing current psychological distress. Sense of coherence scores (mean, 54.26 [15.35]) showed a significant inverse association with both General Health Questionnaire (mean, 14.83 [5.88]) and ACE (mean, 5.68 [2.90]) scores (r = -0.64 and -0.31, respectively) and 97% reported at least 1 ACE, 70% reported ≥ 5 and 33% reported ≥ 8. Linear regressions indicated that ACEs reported to occur before foster care were associated with lower levels of sense of coherence (8%) and higher levels of psychological distress (6%). Physical neglect and living in a dysfunctional household (parental loss, maternal abuse, or household member associated with substance abuse or prison) significantly decreased during foster care by 16 and 19 percentage points, respectively. Rates of emotional and physical abuse did not change.Conclusion: The number of ACEs was associated with the level of psychological distress. Our findings suggest that children entering the foster care system are already vulnerable and at risk of experiencing ACEs during foster care and psychological distress during adulthood. Measures implemented to protect children must not cause more harm than good. Social services that preserve and strengthen the family unit and reduce the number of ACEs both before and during foster care are recommended. Social workers and clinicians who are trained to address and manage the unique developmental needs of children in foster care may help reduce the effects of ACEs and optimize developmental health.

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“…From 1973 to 1991, there were significant declines in cervical cancer incidence among women of both races, oropharyngeal cancer mortality among whites, and bladder cancer mortality among both whites and African Americans. This report highlights selected cancer sites and briefly considers some of the potential risk factors investigated to explain differences in incidence and mortality among African Americans and whites. More detailed discussions of risk factors such as socioeconomic status (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) can be found elsewhere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Survival between African Americans and Whites

Walker¹,

Figgs²,

Zahm³

1995

Environmental Health Perspectives

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This report highlights selected evidence of different cancer patterns among African Americans and whites and considers potential risk factors associated with these cancers. During the years 1987 to 1991, African Americans experienced higher incidence and mortality rates than whites for multiple myeloma and for cancers of the oropharynx, colorectum, lung and bronchus, cervix, and prostate. African Americans had lower incidence and mortality for cancer of the urinary bladder. The incidence of breast cancer was higher among white women, but mortality was higher among African American women. Five-year relative survival for the period 1983 to 1990 was generally lower among African Americans than whites for cancers of the oropharynx, colorectum, cervix, prostate, and female breast but slightly higher for multiple myeloma. From 1973 to 1991, there were significant declines in cervical cancer incidence among women of both races, oropharyngeal cancer mortality among whites, and bladder cancer mortality for whites and African Americans. Risk factors for the more prominent cancers suggest that efforts aimed at changing lifestyles, achieving socioeconomic parity, and insuring environmental equity are likely to relieve African Americans of much of their disproportionate cancer burden. -Environ Health Perspect 103(Suppl 8): 275-281 (1995)

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Social Class, Life Expectancy and Overall Mortality

Cited by 604 publications

References 8 publications

Social class and survival on the S.S. Titanic

Social class and survival on the S.S. Titanic

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychosocial Well-Being of Women Who Were in Foster Care as Children

Differences in Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Survival between African Americans and Whites

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