Social-class differences in Poland pronounced in stature, but absent in gene frequencies

Abstract

The marked social-class differences in physical growth of youth, as well as in a variety of health-related biological characteristics of adults, observed in many industrial societies are as a rule interpreted as nongenetic in nature and therefore as purely phenotypic manifestations of social inequalities in living standards. However, this tacitly adopted .no genetics. assumption has very seldom been subject to any empirical validation. The present study is an attempt to provide such validation for the population of Poland.
 The material was collected over the period from 1960 to 1990 and drawn from cases of disputed paternity. It comprises a total of 8861 adults of both sexes; roughly half of them are males, the presumptive fathers. It was found that throughout the period of several decades covered by this study no significant differences appeared between the various social strata in allele frequencies of any of the following 8 genetic loci: ABO, MN, Rh(D), Hp, Gm(a), AcP, PGM1, EsD. Nor is there any suggestion of long-term trends in allele frequencies for any of the above loci. This pattern is in sharp contrast to the strikingly regular social gradients, and intense secular trends, observed in the population of post-war Poland in stature and age at menarche. It is postulated that the above findings are consonant with the .no genetic component. hypothesis.

The full distribution of adult height in Poland: Cohorts born between 1920 and 1996. The biological cost of the economic transition

“…The historical context discussed above makes Poland a good laboratory for scholars interested in the link between economic conditions, social stratification, and human biology, especially human height. Poland is genetically highly homogenous, which makes the investigation of the impact of social factors on human height easier (Gronkiewicz, 2001;Plonskie et al, 2002;Kozieł, 2021). Kozieł (2021) reviews the literature on human height in Poland in recent decades.…”