Social Class and Mental Illness

Hollingshead, August B.; Frederick, Calvin J.

doi:10.1177/000276426400800314

Cited by 178 publications

(147 citation statements)

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“…The patient and comparison groups did not differ significantly in age (patients: 35.4 ± 11 years; controls: 30.9 ± 9.6 years; t = −1.2, df = 28, p = 0.2), although socioeconomic status, as measured with the four-factor Hollingshead scale (Hollingshead and Redlich, 1958), was significantly lower for the patients (22.8 ± 9.2) than for the comparison subjects (50.3 ± 11.8, t = 6.8, df = 26, p < 0.0001). Scores for general psychopathology on the Brief Psychiatric Rating scale (BPRS), negative symptoms and positive symptoms were 40.6 ± 9.3, 30.3 ± 10.3, and 10.0 ± 4.1, respectively.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Magnocellular contributions to impaired motion processing in schizophrenia

Kim

Wylie

Pasternak

et al. 2006

Schizophrenia Research

132

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Patients with schizophrenia show impairments in motion processing, along with deficits in lower level processing primarily involving the magnocellular visual pathway. The present study investigates potential magnocellular contributions to impaired motion processing in schizophrenia using a combined neurophysiological and behavioral approach. As compared to prior motion studies in schizophrenia, thresholds were determined for both incoherent and coherent visual motion. In this study, velocity discrimination thresholds were measured for schizophrenia patients (n = 14) and agematched normal control subjects (n = 16) using a staircase procedure. Early visual processing was evaluated using steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEP), with stimuli biased toward activation of either the magnocellular or parvocellular visual pathways through luminance contrast manipulation. Patients with schizophrenia showed poor velocity discrimination for both incoherent and coherent motion, with no significant group × task interaction. Further, when coherent motion performance was measured at individually determined incoherent motion thresholds, accuracy levels for patients were similar to controls, also indicating similarity of deficit for incoherent vs. coherent motion discrimination. Impairments in velocity discrimination correlated significantly with reduced amplitude of ssVEP elicited by magnocellular -but not parvocellular -selective stimuli. This study demonstrates that deficits in motion processing in schizophrenia are significantly related to reduced activation of the magnocellular visual system. Further, this study supports and extends prior reports of impaired motion processing in schizophrenia, and indicates significant bottom-up contributions to higher-order cognitive impairments.

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Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Magnocellular contributions to impaired motion processing in schizophrenia

Kim

Wylie

Pasternak

et al. 2006

Schizophrenia Research

132

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“…Sixtythree percent (n = 89) of the subjects were unemployed, disabled, or retired; 79% (n = 11 1) were married. The mean Hollingshead index of socioeconomic status was 45.0 (* 13.2), reflecting a predominantly middle-class sample (14).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of stress management on clinical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis

Parker

Smarr

Buckelew

et al. 1995

Arthritis & Rheumatism

173

128

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Objective. To examine the effects of stressmanagement training on clinical outcomes in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods.Patients with RA (n = 141) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: a stress management group, an attention control group, or a standard care control group. The stress management and the attention control groups received a 10-week intervention followed by an additional 15-month maintenance phase.Results. The stress management group showed statistically significant improvements on measures of helplessness, self-efficacy, coping, pain, and health status. Selected beneficial effects were still detectable at the 15-month followup evaluation.Conclusion. The data indicated that stress management interventions are capable of producing important clinical benefits for persons with RA.

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“…Additional interviews and examinations assessed handedness (Crovitz and Zener, 1962); socioeconomic status scale (SES), a two-factor scale based on education and occupation (Hollingshead and Redlich, 1958); and body mass index (height cm/weight kg 2 ), an index of nutritional status. Means ± S.D.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative fiber tracking of lateral and interhemispheric white matter systems in normal aging: Relations to timed performance

Sullivan

Rohlfing

Pfefferbaum

2010

Neurobiology of Aging

305

307

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The integrity of white matter, as measured in vivo with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is disrupted in normal aging. A current consensus is that in adults advancing age affects anterior brain regions disproportionately more than posterior regions; however, the mainstay of studies supporting this anterior-posterior gradient is based primarily on measures of the corpus callosum. Using our quantitative fiber tracking approach, we assessed fiber tract integrity of samples of major white matter cortical, subcortical, interhemispheric, and cerebellar systems (11 bilateral and 2 callosal) on DTI data collected at 1.5 T magnet strength. Participants were 55 men (age 20-78 years) and 65 women (age 28-81 years), deemed healthy and cognitively intact following interview and behavioral testing. Fiber integrity was measured as orientational diffusion coherence (fractional anisotropy, FA) and magnitude of diffusion, which was quantified separately for longitudinal diffusivity (λL), an index of axonal length or number, and transverse diffusivity (λT), an index of myelin integrity. Aging effects were more evident in diffusivity than FA measures. Men and women, examined separately, showed similar age-related increases in longitudinal and transverse diffusivity in fibers of the internal and external capsules bilaterally and the fornix. FA was lower and diffusivity higher in anterior than posterior fibers of regional paired comparisons (genu versus splenium and frontal versus occipital forceps). Diffusivity with older age was generally greater or FA lower in the superior than inferior fiber systems (longitudinal fasciculi, cingulate bundles), with little to no evidence for age-related degradation in pontine or cerebellar systems. The most striking sex difference emerged for the corpus callosum, for which men showed significant decline in FA and increase in longitudinal and transverse diffusivity in the genu but not splenium. By contrast, in women the age effect was present in both callosal regions, albeit modestly more so in the genu than splenium. Functional meaningfulness of these age-related differences was supported by significant correlations between DTI signs of white matter degradation and poorer performance on cognitive or motor tests. This survey of multiple fiber systems throughout the brain revealed a differential pattern of age's effect on regional FA and diffusivity and suggests mechanisms of functional degradation, attributed at least in part to compromised fiber microstructure affecting myelin and axonal morphology.

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Social Class and Mental Illness

Cited by 178 publications

References 0 publications

Magnocellular contributions to impaired motion processing in schizophrenia

Magnocellular contributions to impaired motion processing in schizophrenia

Effects of stress management on clinical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis

Quantitative fiber tracking of lateral and interhemispheric white matter systems in normal aging: Relations to timed performance

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