Social change and HIV in the former USSR: the making of a new epidemic

Atlani, L; Caraël, Michel; Brunet, Jean-Baptiste; Frasca, Timothy; Чайка, Николай Анатольевич

doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00464-5

Cited by 86 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…For instance, Bullough and Bullough (1987) discuss how entry into sex work increased in immediate post-World War II Germany, Italy, and Japan. Similar increases were seen following the Great Depression in the United States (Allen, 2004) and during the economic turmoil in the former USSR in the 1990s (Aral et al, 2003;Atlani et al, 2000). Interview or questionnaire-based studies …nd a similar pattern -when asked, a signi…cant fraction of women report that the reason that they entered sex work was …nancial distress or hardship (see Bucardo et al, 2004 for a study in Mexico; and Robinson and Yeh, 2011b for evidence from Kenya).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

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The (hidden) costs of political instability: Evidence from Kenya's 2007 election crisis

Dupas

Robinson

2012

Journal of Development Economics

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This paper studies the microeconomic impacts of the political crisis and civil con ‡ict that immediately followed the December 2007 Presidential Election in Kenya. Income, expenditures, and consumption dramatically declined for a broad segment of the rural population for the duration of the con ‡ict. To make up for the income shortfall, women who supply transactional sex engaged in higher risk sex both during and after the crisis. While this particular crisis was likely too short for these behavioral responses to seriously increase the risk of HIV or other STIs for these women, such responses could have long-term repercussions for health in countries with longer or more frequent crises. Overall, our results suggest that social unrest can be an important channel through which political instability can a¤ect long-term outcomes such as health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…7 The survey instrument used with this sample was similar, but slightly more involved, than the one used with market vendors and shop owners. In addition to the income, expenditure, and consumption measures listed above, we also collected information on income in the sex sector and on the number of clients seen.…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

The (hidden) costs of political instability: Evidence from Kenya's 2007 election crisis

Dupas

Robinson

2012

Journal of Development Economics

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“…In most of these countries transmission has been primarily through injecting and the sharing of needles and syringes (Donoghoe, 2003;Hamers & Downs, 2003), with an estimated 1% of the population of Eastern Europe and Central Asia injecting illicit drugs (UNAIDS, 2002b), although the growth of sex work and casual sexual encounters (Borisenko et al ., 1999;Kalichman, 1998), the deterioration of the health care system (Atlanti et al ., 2000) and the increasing mixing of populations due to civil unrest in some regions (Borisenko et al ., 1999;Parker et al ., 2000;Rhodes et al ., 1999) have contributed towards differential rates of infection and different forms of transmission across different nations. As a result, in some countries (such as Hungary, where infection rates have largely stabilized) HIV transmission has been primarily through homosexual contacts between men (UNAIDS, 2002b), whilst in…”

Section: Social Representations Of Hiv/aids In Five Central European mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social representations of HIV/AIDS in five central European and eastern European countries: a multidimensional analysis

et al. 2004

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Cognitive processing models of risky sexual behaviour have proliferated in the two decades since the first reporting of HIV/AIDS, but far less attention has been paid to individual and group representations of the epidemic and the relationship between these representations and reported sexual behaviours. In this study, 494 business people and medics from Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Poland and Russia sorted free associations around HIV/AIDS in a matrix completion task. Exploratory factor and multidimensional scaling analyses revealed two main dimensions (labelled 'Sex' and 'Deadly disease'), with significant cultural and gender variations along both dimension scores. Possible explanations for these results are discussed in the light of growing concerns over the spread of the epidemic in this region.

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“…With the withdrawal of the Soviet Union in December 1991, police controls became ineffective, drugs more readily available, and corruption uncontrolled (Hamers and Downs 2003;Dehne et al 1999;Atlani et al 2000). Locally produced opiates and amphetamines proliferated (Rhodes et al 1999;UNIDCP 1997) as did the number of substance users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulant Injectors in Ukraine: The Next Wave of the Epidemic?

et al. 2008

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This study was designed to assess differences in drug and sex-related risk behaviors between injectors of opiates only, opiate/sedative mix only and stimulants only. Participants were current out-of-treatment injection drug users (IDUs), unaware of their HIV status, recruited through street outreach in Kiev, Odessa and Makeevka/Donetsk, Ukraine. Overall, 22% tested positive for HIV, including 39% among opiate/sedative injectors, 19% among opiate injectors and 17% among stimulant injectors. Despite these differences, stimulant injectors were at higher risk than other IDUs in sharing a used needle/syringe, always injecting with others, injecting a drug solution drawn from a common container, having an IDU sex partner, not using condoms during vaginal or anal sex and on composite measures of injection and sex risks. After controlling for age differences, stimulant injectors remained at higher risk in their needle and sex risk behaviors. Without intervention, it is likely that HIV will increase among stimulant injectors.

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Social change and HIV in the former USSR: the making of a new epidemic

Cited by 86 publications

References 18 publications

The (hidden) costs of political instability: Evidence from Kenya's 2007 election crisis

The (hidden) costs of political instability: Evidence from Kenya's 2007 election crisis

Social representations of HIV/AIDS in five central European and eastern European countries: a multidimensional analysis

Stimulant Injectors in Ukraine: The Next Wave of the Epidemic?

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