Social Bonds, Early Trauma and Smoking: Evidence of the Group Specific Relevance of Control Theory

Pawlak, Rebecca; DeFronzo, James

doi:10.2190/cfu6-bxbg-hq4m-20t8

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A significant interaction suggested a stronger association between trait anxiety and PTSD among non-smokers than smokers. Pawlak & DeFronzo, 1993 Hierarchical Regression Analysis…”

Section: Author(s)/ Year Analytic Approach Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, 94% of smokers reported increased smoking subsequent to the homicide. Pawlak and DeFronzo (1993) examined the relations among social bonds and childhood traumatic event exposure in terms of adult smoking behavior. In a broad-based survey, smoking was indexed dichotomously via the question "Do you smoke?"…”

Section: Retrospectively-reported Changes In Smoking Behavior After Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Feldner¹,

Babson²,

Zvolensky³

2007

Clinical Psychology Review

232

184

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The current review critically examines the extant empirical literature focused on the associations among cigarette smoking, trauma, and posttraumatic stress. Inspection of the extant literature suggests smoking rates are significantly higher among persons exposed to a traumatic event relative to those without such exposure. Moreover, smoking rates appear particularly high among persons with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In terms of the direction of this relation, evidence most clearly suggests posttraumatic stress is involved in the development of smoking. Significantly less is known about the role of trauma and PTSD in terms of cessation outcome. Limitations of extant work, clinical implications, and key directions for future study are delineated. Keywordssmoking; posttraumatic stress; comorbidity; trauma; PTSD Cigarette smoking continues to be one of the leading preventable causes of death and disease in the U.S., resulting in healthcare costs that rank among the highest in the country [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), 2004]. Large-scale efforts targeting smoking cessation have helped address this problem (USDHHS, 2000), but the negative impact of smoking is still widely evident. For example, more than 1 in 5 (22%) adults [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2004] and almost 1 in 4 (24%) youth (Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2004) in the U.S. currently smoke. Moreover, though smokers often are motivated to quit, the majority (approximately 90-95% of self-quitters and 60-80% of those in treatment programs) relapse (Cohen et al., 1989). Scholars have suggested smokers who fail at quitting may have unique attributes that increase their probability of smoking (Hughes, 1993;Pomerleau, 1997). Although various characteristics may increase the risk of relapse (e.g., heavier smoking levels), psychological disorders and related vulnerability factors have increasingly been recognized as playing a prominent role in quit success (Hughes, 1993;Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005; Zvolensky, Bernstein, Marshall, & Feldner, in press).Smokers with anxiety disorders represent a common, albeit understudied, segment of the smoking population who are at heightened risk for relapse . For example, Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Matthew T. Feldner, Intervention Sciences Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Department of Psychology, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, 479-575-4256 (phone), 479-575-3219 (facsimile). Electronic mail may be sent to mfeldne@uark.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the jo...

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“…A significant interaction suggested a stronger association between trait anxiety and PTSD among non-smokers than smokers. Pawlak & DeFronzo, 1993 Hierarchical Regression Analysis…”

Section: Author(s)/ Year Analytic Approach Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Retrospectively-reported Changes In Smoking Behavior After Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Feldner¹,

Babson²,

Zvolensky³

2007

Clinical Psychology Review

232

184

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A large majority of studies, for example, that have included religion measures (especially church attendance and importance of religious faith) have found them to be inversely related to juvenile drug, alcohol, and tobacco use, and to delinquency (for example, Wallace and Williams 1997;Evans et al 1995;Pawlak and Defronzo 1993;Cochran 1993;Cochran and Akers 1989;NCASA 2001). Multiple studies also confirm that religiosity is inversely related to thoughts of suicide, attempted suicide, and actual suicide among American teenagers (for instance, Donahue 1995).…”

Section: Religious Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theorizing Religious Effects Among American Adolescents

Smith

2003

Scientific Study of Religion

529

488

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A large body of empirical studies shows that religion often serves as a factor promoting positive, healthy outcomes in the lives of American adolescents. Yet existing theoretical explanations for these religious effects remain largely disjointed and fragmented. This article attempts to formulate a more systematic, integrated, and coherent account of religion's constructive influence in the lives of American youth, suggesting nine key factors (moral directives, spiritual experiences, role models, community and leadership skills, coping skills, cultural capital, social capital, network closure, and extra-community links) that cluster around three key dimensions of influence (moral order, learned competencies, and social and organizational ties).Several decades of social scientific studies have shown that religion is often a factor in the lives of American adolescents, influencing their attitudes and behaviors in ways that are commonly viewed as positive and constructive. Across a number of areas of concern, various measures of religiosity are typically associated with a variety of healthy, desirable outcomes. This article is an attempt to theorize systematically why religion might have such an influence in the lives of American adolescents. Within the relevant bodies of literature, individual publications normally suggest causal mechanisms explaining their particular findings. Altogether, these many studies are very helpful, but as a whole they present the contemporary researcher with a disjointed and fragmented account for religious influences in the lives of American teenagers. In the following pages, I attempt to synthesize some of what we know from these and other informative studies into a more coherent, systematic account of how and why religion exerts significant positive effects on American youth. RELIGIOUS EFFECTSA systematic review of the literature on religion and youth reveals notable patterns of religious influences among American adolescents. Although the present article is not intended as a literature review (see Regnerus, Smith, and Fritsch forthcoming), some of these effects are worth mentioning as background to the theoretical discussion below.A large majority of studies, for example, that have included religion measures (especially church attendance and importance of religious faith) have found them to be inversely related to juvenile drug, alcohol, and tobacco use, and to delinquency (for example, Wallace and Williams 1997;Evans et al. 1995;Pawlak and Defronzo 1993;Cochran 1993;Cochran and Akers 1989;NCASA 2001). Multiple studies also confirm that religiosity is inversely related to thoughts of suicide, attempted suicide, and actual suicide among American teenagers (for instance, Donahue 1995). Religiosity also appears to act as a protective influence against suicide among youth most at risk for it. Furthermore, religion is associated with lower levels of depression and hopelessness, which suggests it has an additional indirect effect on risk of suicide (Wright, Frost, and Wisecarver 1993).St...

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“…Poor school performance is often related to use of substances (Bachman et al, 1981;Fors & Rojek, 1983;Guy et al, 1994;Hundleby & Mercer, 1987;Newcomb, 1992;Paulson, Coombs, & Richardson, 1990). Weak religious values and low participation in religious activities have consistently been related to substance use (Bachman et al, 1981;Cochran & Akers, 1989;Jessor et al, 1980;Newcomb, 1992;Pawlak & DeFronzo, 1993).…”

Section: Relevant Literature Related To Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Project C.A.R.E. substance abuse prevention program for high-risk youth: A longitudinal evaluation of program effectiveness

Hostetler¹,

Fisher²

1997

J. Community Psychol.

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This article describes and evaluates Project C.A.R.E., a substance abuse prevention program for three cohorts of at‐risk fourth graders and their families. Project C.A.R.E. worked intensively with students and their families to increase resiliency factors and decrease risk factors through school, family, and extracurricular activities. The research design was experimental. Project objectives were to decrease substance use, negative behaviors, intent to use substances, school suspensions, and absences; and to increase alternative activities, family communication, academic grades, and consistency of family behavior control and rules. A few positive program effects were found. At posttest, more control students' grades needed improvement, and more program students participated in community activities. Several variables showed differential change over time which favored the program group. Compared to control students, program students increased participation in alternative activities from pretest to posttest and did not increase their school suspensions as much. At the one year follow‐up, control students were more willing to use substances than were program students. The program appeared to have the most impact with the third cohort of students and with Black students. Program students with low participation generally had the worst outcomes, often worse than the control students. It was suggested that more research should be done examining differential effectiveness, especially racial and program participation differences, as they could have a profound impact on program development and implementation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Social Bonds, Early Trauma and Smoking: Evidence of the Group Specific Relevance of Control Theory

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Theorizing Religious Effects Among American Adolescents

Project C.A.R.E. substance abuse prevention program for high-risk youth: A longitudinal evaluation of program effectiveness

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