Social approval and helping

Satow, Kay

doi:10.1016/0022-1031(75)90001-3

Cited by 78 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The demonstration that an implied social presence can influence looking behavior further extends work on the effects of social presence in general (Baumeister, 1982;Latane, 1981;Satow, 1975;Zajonc, 1965) and implied social presence in particular (Aiello & Svec, 1993;Putz, 1975;Van Rompay et al, 2009). The extension to looking behavior also provides a clear demonstration of the influence of the social context on attention, thus broadening current work on social attention beyond responses to social stimuli.…”

Section: Implications For Social Attentionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…For example, Satow (1975) demonstrated that individuals were more likely to donate money when another individual could see them. Interestingly, another individual does not actually need to be physically present to influence behavior (Aiello & Svec, 1993;Putz, 1975;Van Rompay, Vonk, & Frasen, 2009).…”

Section: Social Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Van Rompay et al (2009) demonstrated that individuals who thought that they were being videotaped were more likely to help a confederate. As these examples suggest, the presence of others can lead individuals to alter their behavior in a manner that communicates a positive self-impression (Baumeister, 1982;Bond, 1982;Latane, 1981;Risko, Quilty, & Oakman, 2006;Satow, 1975;Van Rompay et al, 2009). Here, we set out to determine whether a social presence can influence an individual's looking behavior in a similar manner.…”

Section: Social Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Eyes wide shut: implied social presence, eye tracking and attention

Risko

Kingstone

2010

Atten Percept Psychophys

141

112

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People often behave differently when they know they are being watched. Here, we report the first investigation of whether such social presence effects also influence looking behavior-a popular measure of attention allocation. We demonstrate that wearing an eye tracker, an implied social presence, leads individuals to avoid looking at particular stimuli. These results demonstrate that an implied social presence, here an eye tracker, can alter looking behavior. These data provide a new manipulation of social attention, as well as presenting a methodological challenge to researchers using eye tracking.

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Section: Implications For Social Attentionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Social Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Social Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Eyes wide shut: implied social presence, eye tracking and attention

Risko

Kingstone

2010

Atten Percept Psychophys

141

112

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“…It is well known that subjects tend to behave in a more egoistic manner under guaranteed anonymity, whereas less anonymous situations increase prosocial behaviors (e.g., giving some benefit to others, adhering to a public standard or to social norms) (2). Prosocial behaviors can be elicited not only by the presence of real observers (3)(4)(5) but also by surprisingly subtle cues associated with being watched by others (6,7), pointing to the powerfully automatic nature of reputationbased processing. Although altruistic behaviors toward nonkin may be present even in nonhuman primates (8), it is likely that only human altruistic behavior is affected by the presence of an independent third party (9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insensitivity to social reputation in autism

Izuma

Matsumoto

Camerer

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

207

164

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People act more prosocially when they know they are watched by others, an everyday observation borne out by studies from behavioral economics, social psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. This effect is thought to be mediated by the incentive to improve one's social reputation, a specific and possibly uniquely human motivation that depends on our ability to represent what other people think of us. Here we tested the hypothesis that social reputation effects are selectively impaired in autism, a developmental disorder characterized in part by impairments in reciprocal social interactions but whose underlying cognitive causes remain elusive. When asked to make real charitable donations in the presence or absence of an observer, matched healthy controls donated significantly more in the observer's presence than absence, replicating prior work. By contrast, people with high-functioning autism were not influenced by the presence of an observer at all in this task. However, both groups performed significantly better on a continuous performance task in the presence of an observer, suggesting intact general social facilitation in autism. The results argue that people with autism lack the ability to take into consideration what others think of them and provide further support for specialized neural systems mediating the effects of social reputation.Asperger syndrome | audience effect | dictator game C oncern for our own reputation affects how we behave in social situations. Our actions are strongly influenced by our belief that they may be seen and evaluated by others. Not only do people care about their reputation, but they also often try to manipulate what other people think of them through self-presentation or impression management (1), topics with a long history in social psychology. It is well known that subjects tend to behave in a more egoistic manner under guaranteed anonymity, whereas less anonymous situations increase prosocial behaviors (e.g., giving some benefit to others, adhering to a public standard or to social norms) (2). Prosocial behaviors can be elicited not only by the presence of real observers (3-5) but also by surprisingly subtle cues associated with being watched by others (6, 7), pointing to the powerfully automatic nature of reputationbased processing. Although altruistic behaviors toward nonkin may be present even in nonhuman primates (8), it is likely that only human altruistic behavior is affected by the presence of an independent third party (9). Representing our reputation involves thinking about what others think of us and thus requires some level of metarepresentation (10). The link between prosocial behaviors and reputation is also emphasized by theoretical and empirical considerations of how altruism might have evolved through indirect reciprocity (11,12). Thus, reputation may be a unique and important aspect of our species that incentivizes self-interested individuals to conform to social norms.Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a class of neurodevelopmental disorders with an estim...

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“…For evidence that desire for social approval is important for charitable giving, see for example Schwartz (1967), Satow (1975), Harbaugh (1998a,b), Andreoni and Petrie (2004), Soetevent (2005), Dana, Cain, and Dawes (2006), Broberg, Ellingsen, and Johannesson (2007), Ariely, Bracha, and Meier (2009), Bernheim (2009), andLazear, Malmendier, andWeber (2010). 6 Nelson and Greene (2003) is a booklength discussion of people's desire to signal their goodness and the consequences of this desire for social organization.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conspicuous generosity

Ellingsen

Johannesson

2011

Journal of Public Economics

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We develop a simple model of generous behavior. It is based on the premise that some people are generous, but everyone wants to appear generous -especially in the eyes of other generous people. Although non-monetary donations are always inefficient, they frequently occur in equilibrium because they facilitate signaling. The model helps to explain the prevalence of volunteering, the nature of Christmas gifts, and the taboo against paying cash in return for friendly favors. Finally, and perhaps most notably, the model explains why it is so common to ask for non-monetary favors and so uncommon to ask for money.JEL classification: A13, J20

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Social approval and helping

Cited by 78 publications

References 30 publications

Eyes wide shut: implied social presence, eye tracking and attention

Eyes wide shut: implied social presence, eye tracking and attention

Insensitivity to social reputation in autism

Conspicuous generosity

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