Social and environmental risk factors for the accidental drowning of children under five in China

Wang, Meixian; Liu, Yuxi; Kang, Lakhwinder Singh; He, Chunhua; Miao, Lei; Huang, Jianwen; He, Xu; Zhu, Jun; Liang, Juan; Li, Qi; Wang, Yanping; Liu, Hanmin

doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09650-0

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In this study children were in the high-risk group, and the highest frequency referred to two-year-old children. Almost similar results were found in a study held in Ireland by Davey et al showed that the majority of drowning cases affected children between the ages of 1-4 ( 8 ), other studies held by Evans et al ( 9 ), Denny et al ( 10 ), Wang et al ( 11 ), and Raess et al ( 12 ) showed that drowning mostly affected children under the age of 5 which comes in agreement with our findings. This result may have been caused by the absence of children strict supervision.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Epidemiological Analysis of Drowning Deaths Among Different Groups in Jordan - a Retrospective Study (2015-2019)

Shotar¹,

Halalsheh²,

Shatnawi³

et al. 2022

Med Arch

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Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), drowning is globally considered as one of the leading causes of injury related deaths. Defined as the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion in a liquid medium. Drowning is a public health concern in Jordan. This study aimed to investigate drowning incident data from the Forensic Medicine Teaching Centre in the North of Jordan for the purpose of defining high risk groups and circumstances around drowning fatalities which suffered an attention deficit. Objective: The study aims to describe the rate of fatal drowning in North of Jordan and to properly understand the risk factors associated with it. Methods: The present study is retrospective, based on investigating 2808 autopsy reports and selecting only 85 drowning related death reports conducted through a 5 year period (2015-2019) in the Forensic Medicine Teaching Centre which serves Northern Jordan including Irbid, Jarash, Ajloun, and Al-Mafraq. The statistical analysis of fatal drowning cases included the following risk variables: Age, gender, month, year, nationality, address, alcohol and drug consumption. Results: 15 variables were consistent and analyzed across the database of this study. The high risk groups and patterns were identified and the majority of fatal drowning cases were related to males (80.4%). Age group from (2 to 27 years of age were included in the high-risk groups with (88.2%) of all cases. Specifically, the age 2 had the highest occurring frequency. While (17.6%) of drowning fatalities occurred in August. Alcohol and drugs had no significant impact on increasing drowning rates. The dominant manner of death among all cases was accidental (95.3%). Fatal drowning rates were decreasing throughout the years of (2015-2019). Conclusion: Defining drowning high risk groups and its epidemiology helps to overcome this preventable cause of death. The current study highlights the necessity for the need of further interventions to be actively fixed into policies and educational programs and emphasize safety precautions during water activities and to improve the dataset collection for better planning of prevention strategies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Epidemiological Analysis of Drowning Deaths Among Different Groups in Jordan - a Retrospective Study (2015-2019)

Shotar¹,

Halalsheh²,

Shatnawi³

et al. 2022

Med Arch

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“…But the result of this study doesn't nd statistically signi cant evidence (OR: 1.111, 95%CI: 0.956 ~ 1.291). This may attributed to the reason that the resolution of our data is too large to nd meaningful results, the drowning incidents usually occurred within 100 meters of a body of water (Wang, et al, 2020), but the resolution of our data (i.e. population density) is 1kilometer, the distance is too long for children to nd a natural water body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…1988). In addition, safety and rst aid education in urban is more adequate than rural place, 83.1% of rural residents had no knowledge of rst aid skills for drowning (Wang, et al, 2020). Western China with lower per capita income has a higher drowning mortality although some western provinces are not so hot and rainy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Climatic Factors and Regional Drowning Mortality in China

Huang

Shi

Zhang³

2021

Preprint

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Drowning is the leading cause of death for young people. For a long time, drowning mortality is much higher in southern China than in northern China. Climate of the two parts of China are quite different. The aim of this study is to explore relationship between precipitation, temperature in summer, water system distribution and higher mortality rate of drowning in southern China than in northern China. We collected geographical distribution of drowning mortality, precipitation, temperature, population density, water system and income of China. Statistical tests were performed to find if there are any statistical difference of drowning and its influencing factors between northern and southern China. We conducted a logistic regression to evaluate the association between drowning and climatic factors. Life expectancy lost caused by drowning in northern and southern China were calculated. Abundant water system and plenty precipitation (OR: 1.589, 95%CI: 1.350 ~ 1.871), hotter summer (OR: 1.252, 95%CI: 1.075 ~ 1.459) and longer summer (OR: 1.357, 95%CI: 1.161 ~ 1.585) in southern China leaded to significantly higher drowning compared with northern China, especially for children. Life expectancy lost caused by drowning in southern China in 1990 and 2013 was 0.492 and 0.162 year, respectively, while the data in northern China is 0.245 and 0.101 year, respectively. High temperature in summer and low economic performance in part of Xinjiang are key reasons for its high ranking in drowning mortality, despite the fact that Xinjiang is located in northern China. Climatic factors formed higher mortality of young people in southern China. Our findings suggest decision-makers of different region should take more adaptive and effective measures to reduce drowning risks.

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“…Drowning primarily occurred in ponds, canals, rivers and wells, and over 90% of those bodies of waters had no safety measures. Almost 90% of primary caregivers did not provide full‐time care for the children, and 80% had no knowledge of first aid skills for resuscitation 2 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Almost 90% of primary caregivers did not provide full‐time care for the children, and 80% had no knowledge of first aid skills for resuscitation. 2 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Drowning is a complex but preventable cause of child mortality

Janson

2020

Acta Paediatrica

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Social and environmental risk factors for the accidental drowning of children under five in China

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Epidemiological Analysis of Drowning Deaths Among Different Groups in Jordan - a Retrospective Study (2015-2019)

Epidemiological Analysis of Drowning Deaths Among Different Groups in Jordan - a Retrospective Study (2015-2019)

Relationship Between Climatic Factors and Regional Drowning Mortality in China

Drowning is a complex but preventable cause of child mortality

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