“…Many MNCs' businesses in Libya were nationalised after 1969 due to political and economic patterns derived from the socialist ideology prevalent at that time (Elmogla, 2009). Since 2005, the Libyan oil sector has engaged in numerous international affiliations, which, along with regulations, have significantly impacted CSRD activities (Al‐drugi, 2013, p. 228) and CSR practices (El Kailani & Saleh, 2012) in the Libyan context. Generally, CSR‐related affiliations with MNCs can positively influence CSR awareness and education in HSCs (Bagire et al, 2011; Gulbrandsen & Moe, 2005).…”