Sociability, Social Isolation, and Social Interaction During the First Months of COVID-19 Pandemic: a Qualitative Analysis of Brazilian, Finnish, and American Adults

Abstract

The social distancing imposed by the pandemic transformed how people interact with others, and little is known about how it has impacted new ways of sociability and if culture influences this process. This is a qualitative study exploring changes in the configurations of social interactions and the resources for sociability that adults in Brazil, the USA, and Finland have developed during the initial stage of quarantine. A total of 95 participants (ages between 20 and 60) experiencing social isolation either living alone or with their partners (without children) completed online questionnaires about their interactive experiences. The questionnaire was composed of multiple choices, addressing the frequency, types, and length of social interactions before and during the pandemic, and open questions focusing on the participants’ experiences on online interactions during the pandemic. Frequencies were analyzed through a paired-sample t-test, and open-ended responses were thematically analyzed. Results revealed, first, that social isolation did not represent a significant change in the composition of the participants’ social network, but family bonds became the main connection during the period, and other sources of social interaction were kept due to the possibility of interaction through virtual means. Although the frequency of social interactions reduced, their significance increased. Second, virtual environments reframed social interactions, influencing individual’s bodily perceptions such as differences in attentional demands, communication processes, and awareness of their own image, and the interaction itself. Third, cultural values seemed to influence the way participants signified their interactive experiences. This study suggests that although virtual environments changed the ways interactions happen, virtual encounters were essential for maintaining participants’ social networks.

Mindreading in the Pandemic: Face Masks Negatively Skew Theory of Mind Judgements

“…Social life around the world has been profoundly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic (Long et al, 2022), a disease spread mainly by close social contact (Zhou, Ayeh, Chidambaram, & Karakousis, 2021). For the last two years, in-person social exchanges have been restricted by public health measures and contracted to virtual interactions (Ferreira, Merçon-Vargas, & Midgette, 2022). Moreover, fear of contagion and proximity to others was a source of tension and anxiety in actual face-toface gatherings (Dennis, Radnitz, & Wheaton, 2021).…”

Face masks negatively skew theory of mind judgements

“…Social life around the world has been profoundly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic 1 , a disease spread mainly by close social contact 2 . For much of the last three years, in-person social exchanges have been restricted by public health measures and contracted to virtual interactions 3 . Moreover, fear of contagion and proximity to others has been a source of tension and anxiety in actual face-to-face gatherings 4 .…”

Were there losses in social support during the pandemic? Testing the impact of COVID-19 on psychological adjustment to trauma in United States adults

“…One explanation may be that although individuals reported the same amount of social support, the quality of that support may have differed. During social distancing orders, many social interactions were moved to virtual settings, which may provide less social reward than in-person interactions ( Ferreira et al, 2022 ; Towner et al, 2022 ). It is also plausible that other stressors related to COVID-19 reduced the protective effects of social support.…”