Soccer Hooliganism in Iran: A Test of Agnew’s General Strain Theory

Assessing the Links Between Parenting Practices, Moral Emotions, and Cyberbullying Perpetrations Among a Sample of Iranian Sports Fans

“…It is established that fans' attitudes about the wrongfulness of certain behavior predict future deviant behaviors (Shadmanfaat et al, 2020). For example, recent evidence form Iranian fans has shown that a positive attitude toward aggression that originates from a person's moral capabilities leads to actual cyberbullying, willingness to cyberbullying, and physical and verbal aggression in the stadium (Shadmanfaat et al, 2019(Shadmanfaat et al, , 2020. Also, because parenting has a significant role in shaping one's attitudes and behaviors (Ishoy, 2017;Svensson et al, 2013Svensson et al, , 2017, parents' behaviors and parenting styles influence the fan's personal control capacity and consequently affect offending patterns (Kabiri et al, 2020).…”

“…The prevalence of fans' cyberbullying perpetration in Iran has garnered attention from academics and practitioners because of its pervasiveness and unique cultural aspect (see Shadmanfaat et al, 2019Shadmanfaat et al, , 2020. Shadmanfaat et al (2020) reveal that roughly 30% of their Iranian sample had a history of cyberbullying perpetration.…”

“…A recent line of theoretical and empirical research has shown that a range of factors can influence fans' aggressive behaviors such as social learning (Shadmanfaat et al, 2020), general strain (Shadmanfaat et al, 2019), negative emotions (Shadmanfaat et al, 2019), and personalities and sports identities of sports fans (Delia, 2019). However, although a growing body of the literature documents the various correlates of fans' aggressive behavior, research is yet to explore the relationships among parenting practices, moral capabilities (moral identity, moral values, and moral emotions), and cyberbullying for sports fans.…”

Violent and antisocial behaviour at football matches in the Middle East and North Africa: Scoping the evidence

“…Academics working in this field have suggested that the perpetrators of football violence often share common life experiences, although little robust evidence could be identified to substantiate these claims One study based on a survey of 447 football fans in Iran found that those who had experienced stressors such as low household income, feeling disrespected in general life and at work, and bullying in general life were more likely to engage in verbal and physical aggression at football matches (Shadmanfaat et al 2018). In this survey, verbal and physical aggression were self-reported, and defined as, for example, having ever insulted a referee or rival players (verbal aggression) or having fought with fans of a rival team (physical aggression).…”

“…However, some studies identified as part of the review included statistics on crowd composition. Shadmanfaat et al (2018) reported that a sample of spectators at a football match in Iran was 100 per cent male, predominantly (94.9 per cent) aged under 40 and that over a third (37.0 per cent) of respondents lived in disadvantaged areas. Jelodar et al (2016) also reported that their sample of football spectators in Iran were predominantly (92.0 per cent) aged 40 or below.…”