Soaps and detergents: North American trends

Brenner, Theodore E.

doi:10.1007/bf02542012

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Historical agricultural statistics by county were obtained from the Census of Agriculture for 1935, 1954, 1964, 1974, 1978, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1936, 1956, 1967, 1977, 1983, 1989USDA/NASS, 1999, 2004, 2009). County-level P fertilizer application for 1934, 1954-1982, 1987, 1992-1997 and 2002-2007 was obtained from the USDA Crop Reporting Board (USDA, 1966), the USGS Branch of Systems Analysis (Alexander and Smith, 1990), USGS Water Resources Division (Battaglin, 1994), USGS National Water-Quality Assessment Program (Ruddy et al, 2006) and the Fertilizer Institute (TFI, 2008), respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After 1935, we estimated P laundry detergent use from historical laundry detergent use (2.27 kg per capita − 1 yr − 1 in 1954, 5.94 kg in 1964, and 6.67 in 1974-2007) multiplied by human population, taking into account changes in P content of laundry detergents and the timing of bans on P content that differed among states (Table S1) (Chapra, 1980;Litke, 1999). P use by automatic dish-washers was estimated from statistics describing the proportion of households equipped with automatic washers (1% in 1954, 85% in 1997-2007), their increasing efficiency and P content of dishwasher detergent (Brenner, 1987;Ligman et al, 1974) (Table S2). Animal P manure is considered to be an internal cycling term rather than a new P input in NAPI budgets, but this flux is also estimated in this paper for comparison purposes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Historical pattern of phosphorus loading to Lake Erie watersheds

Han¹,

Allan

Bosch

2012

Journal of Great Lakes Research

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical pattern of phosphorus loading to Lake Erie watersheds

Han¹,

Allan

Bosch

2012

Journal of Great Lakes Research

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“…We estimated P import for PO 4 -based laundry detergent use from county-level human population multiplied by annual per capita detergent use (6.67 kg capita -1 yr -1 ) and the historical P content of laundry detergent, including changes resulting from a ban on P in detergents that went into effect after 1972 in Michigan andIndiana, 1979 in Wisconsin and1988 in Ohio (Chapra 1980;Litke 1999). Taking into account an increase in the proportion of households equipped with automatic dishwashers (25% in 1974, 50% in 1987, 90% in 1992) and a decrease in the frequency of dishwasher use over time (7 times/week in 1974 to 5.6 times/week in 1992) (Brenner 1987;Ligman et al 1974), per capita P dishwashing detergent use was assumed to be 0.33, 0.31, 0.5, 0.74, and 0.5 kg-P capita -1 yr -1 for the five census years from 1974 to 1992. We obtained estimates of total P loads from industrial or commercial facilities for each watershed from the Great Lakes Water Quality Board (GLWQB 1980(GLWQB , 1981(GLWQB , 1983(GLWQB , 1985(GLWQB , 1987(GLWQB , 1989(GLWQB , 1992.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variation in phosphorus budgets for 24 watersheds in the Lake Erie and Lake Michigan basins

2010

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We estimated net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs (NAPI) to 18 Lake Michigan (LM) and 6 Lake Erie (LE) watersheds for 1974, 1978, 1982, 1987, and 1992. NAPI quantifies all anthropogenic inputs of P (fertilizer use, atmospheric deposition, and detergents) as well as trade of P in food and feed, which can be a net input or output. Fertilizer was the dominant input overall, varying by three orders of magnitude among the 24 watersheds, but detergent was the largest input in the most urbanized watershed. NAPI increased in relation to area of disturbed land (R 2 = 0.90) and decreased with forested and wetland area (R 2 = 0.90). Export of P by rivers varied with NAPI, especially for the 18 watersheds of LM (R 2 = 0.93), whereas the relationship was more variable among the six LE watersheds (R 2 = 0.59). On average, rivers of the LE watersheds exported about 10% of NAPI, whereas LM watersheds exported 5% of estimated NAPI. A comparison of our results with others as well as nitrogen (N) budgets suggests that fractional export of P may vary regionally, as has been reported for N, and the proportion of P inputs exported by rivers appears lower than comparable findings with N.Keywords Phosphorus Á NAPI Á P export Á River Á Watershed Á Nutrient budget Á Nutrient loading Á Lake Michigan Á Lake Erie Abbreviations LELake Erie LM Lake Michigan NANI Net anthropogenic nitrogen input NAPI Net anthropogenic phosphorus input NLCD National Land Cover Database RMSE Root mean squared error

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“…For instance, Americans use a short washing cycle. The water is added at 50°C and allowed to cool during a 10 15-rain wash at 20-30°C [61,65]. Even in Europe the boiling wash (950C) is largely a thing of the past, but there are significant national differences.…”

Section: Detergentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkaliphiles: Ecology, diversity and applications

Grant

1990

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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Organisms with pH optima for growth in excess of pH8, usually between 9 and 10, are properly defined as alkaliphiles (or sometimes alkalophiles). Most of the organisms described to date as growing under very alkaline conditions are prokaryotes, comprising a heterogeneous collection of eubacteria (including cyanobacteria) with a few examples of archaebacteria. With the exception of the alkaliphilic archaebacteria (which are also halophilic), few of the isolates have been comprehensively classified. However, it is clearly that may different taxa are represented amongst the alkaliphiles, and that some of these at least are likely to be new taxa. Alkaliphiles can be isolated from ‘normal’ environments such as garde soil, presumably because there are transient alkaline conditions generated in such environments by biological activity, but a relatively restricted range of types results from the exploration of such environments (often Bacillus spp.). Naturally‐occurring stable alkaline environments such as eutrophic soda (Na2CO3) lakes harbour a much wider range of types. A similarity wide range of types may exist in oligotrophic Ca(OH)2‐dominated ground water in certain parts of the world. Alkaliphilic microorganisms have already made a large impact in the application of biotechnology for the manufacture of mass market consumer products. “Biological detergents” contain enzymes that have usually been obtained from alkaliphilic or alkalitolerant bacteria. The current proportion of total world enzyme production destined for the laundry detergents market comfortably exceeds 25%, and there are other possible applications in food and waste treatment industies. To date, most commercially available enzymes are derived from a few bacterial taxa (notably Bacillus spp.) and we have been very conservative in our choice of environments in which to look for new products. It is reasonable to suppose that soda lakes (and other alkaline environments) will yield a wealth of new organisms with useful commercial properties.

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Soaps and detergents: North American trends

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Historical pattern of phosphorus loading to Lake Erie watersheds

Historical pattern of phosphorus loading to Lake Erie watersheds

Spatial and temporal variation in phosphorus budgets for 24 watersheds in the Lake Erie and Lake Michigan basins

Alkaliphiles: Ecology, diversity and applications

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