Soap, water, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an ancient handwashing strategy for preventing dissemination of a novel virus

Ijaz, M. Khalid; Nims, Raymond W.; Szalay, Sarah de; Rubino, Joseph R.

doi:10.7717/peerj.12041

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(154 reference statements)

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“…Many other broad-spectrum virucidal agents such as organic acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, phenolics, and oxidizers are also known to disrupt the viral envelope, the viral genome, and the viral envelope proteins through physico-chemical modes of action [22][23][24]. The representative everyday hand hygiene products studied here do not contain such agents, but it would be expected that potent formulations containing the above-mentioned agents would also be minimally impacted by viral mutations given similar mechanisms of action to those ingredients discussed here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal care formulations demonstrate virucidal efficacy against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: Implications for hand hygiene and public health

Mukherjee

Vincent

Jayasekera³

et al. 2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Despite considerable progress being made on vaccine roll out, practicing proper hand hygiene has been advocated as a consistent precautionary intervention against the circulating and emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. Two variants of concern, namely beta and delta, have been shown to exhibit enhanced transmissibility, high viral load, and ability to escape antibody-mediated neutralization. In this report we have empirically determined the efficacy of selected personal care formulations from Unilever in inactivating the beta and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 under simulated real-life conditions. All the formulations demonstrated greater than 99.9% reduction in viral infective titres which is comparable to inactivation of the original strain of SARS-CoV-2 virus tested under the same conditions. Therefore, it can be concluded that well-designed personal care formulations when tested under consumer-centric conditions, and with proven efficacy against the parent strain of SARS-CoV-2 will continue to be effective against extant and emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal care formulations demonstrate virucidal efficacy against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: Implications for hand hygiene and public health

Mukherjee

Vincent

Jayasekera³

et al. 2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As such, maintenance of a robust immune system is considered to be the first line of prevention not only for COVID-19 but also for other invading pathogens [ 41 ]. For limiting the spread of COVID-19, the WHO, the governments of many counties, and their disease-prevention and -control centers have advocated several measures and/or practices such as face coverings, sanitization, avoidance of parties and/or gatherings, and physical distancing, in addition to vaccination [ 144 ]. Many of these practices limit and/or decrease illnesses because COVID-19 infection spreads through aerosol droplets from infected individuals reaching the nose, eyes, and mouth after being expelled through coughing or sneezing ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Therapeutic Approaches For the Prevention And Treatment Of C...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthy Immunity on Preventive Medicine for Combating COVID-19

2022

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Immunomodulation is influenced by the consumption of nutrients, and healthy immunity is pivotal to defending an individual from a variety of pathogens. The immune system is a network of intricately regulated biological processes that is comprised of many organs, cellular structures, and signaling molecules. A balanced diet, rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, is key to a strengthened immune system and, thus, crucial to proper functioning of various physiological activities. Conversely, deficiencies of these micronutrients, involving impaired immunity, are linked to numerous health complications, along with a host of pathologies. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a dangerous infectious disease caused by a β-form of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its genomic variants, which enter host cells upon binding to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors, and is associated with substantial morbidities and mortalities globally. Patients afflicted with COVID-19 display asymptomatic to severe symptoms, occurrences of which are multifactorial and include diverse immune responses, sex and gender differences, aging, and underlying medical conditions. Geriatric populations, especially men in comparison to women, regardless of their states, are most vulnerable to severe COVID-19-associated infections and complications, with fatal outcomes. Advances in genomic and proteomic technologies help one understand molecular events, including host–pathogen interactions and pathogenesis of COVID-19 and, subsequently, have developed a variety of preventive measures urgently, ranging from mask wearing to vaccination to medication. Despite these approaches, no unique strategy is available today that can effectively prevent and/or treat this hostile disease. As a consequence, the maintenance of a boosted immune system could be considered a high priority of preventive medicine for combating COVID-19. Herein, we discuss the current level of understanding underlining the contribution of healthy immunity and its relevance to COVID-19 molecular pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic strategies, in the management of this devastating disease.

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“…For example, the CDC recommends washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 s to reduce the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission [98]. Moreover, hand wash is a common hygiene practice to remove other microorganisms from the hands [99]. Hence, use of soap is by far the best alternative to use of ABHS.…”

Section: Alternatives and Precautions To Abhsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 towards Alcohols: Potential for Alcohol-Related Toxicity in Humans

Deb

2021

Life

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative organism that is highly contagious and has been responsible for more than 240 million cases and 5 million deaths worldwide. Using masks, soap-based hand washing, and maintaining social distancing are some of the common methods to prevent the spread of the virus. In the absence of any preventive medications, from the outset of pandemic, alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) have been one of the first-line measures to control transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of this narrative review is to evaluate the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 towards ABHS and understand their potential adverse effects on humans. Ethanol and isopropanol have been the most commonly used alcohols in ABHS (e.g., gel, solution, spray, wipes, or foam) with alcohol in the range of 70–85% v/v in World Health Organization or Food and Drug Administration-approved ABHS. The denaturation of proteins around the envelope of SARS-CoV-2 positive sense single-stranded RNA virus is the major mechanism of action of ABHS. Due to frequent use of high-percentage alcohol-containing ABHS over an extended period of time, the oral, dermal, or pulmonary absorption is a possibility. In addition to the systemic toxicity, topical adverse effects such as contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis are plausible and have been reported during COVID-19. ABHS appear to be effective in controlling the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 with the concern of oral, dermal, or pulmonary absorption.

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Soap, water, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an ancient handwashing strategy for preventing dissemination of a novel virus

Cited by 22 publications

References 106 publications

Personal care formulations demonstrate virucidal efficacy against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: Implications for hand hygiene and public health

Personal care formulations demonstrate virucidal efficacy against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: Implications for hand hygiene and public health

Healthy Immunity on Preventive Medicine for Combating COVID-19

Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 towards Alcohols: Potential for Alcohol-Related Toxicity in Humans

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