Soaking the Rare-Earth Carbonates for a Change: An Alternative Approach to Explore Carbonate Nonlinear Optical Crystals

Abstract

Alkali-metal rare-earth carbonates (ARECs) find great potential in nonlinear optical applications. As the most common method, the hydrothermal reaction is widely used in synthesizing ARECs. The black-box nature of the hydrothermal reaction makes it difficult for understanding the formation processes and therefore may slow down the pace of structural discovery. Here, by simply soaking the rare-earth carbonates in Na 2 CO 3 solutions, we successfully obtain a series of noncentrosymmetric Na 3 RE(CO 3 ) 3 •6H 2 O (RE = Tb 1, Sm 2, Eu 3, Gd 4, Dy 5, Ho 6, and Er 7) compounds without using the hightemperature hydrothermal method. The transformation process, investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, is governed by the concentration of the soaking solutions. Na 3 Tb(CO 3 ) 3 •6H 2 O, as an example, is studied structurally, and its physical properties are characterized. It exhibits a second harmonic generation effect of 0.5 × KDP and a short UV cutoff edge of 222 nm (5.8 eV). Our study provides insights for exploring new AREC structures, which may further advance the development of carbonate nonlinear optical crystals.