“…Several researchers have reported that sulfate minerals such as gypsum, anhydrite, and alunite are formed by SO 2 -CO 2 -water-rock interaction when Ca-rich minerals such as calcite and anorthite are present [4,12,16,37]. They also reported that the precipitation of sulfate minerals may be a factor in reducing porosity near injection wells.…”
Section: Comparison To Other Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This suggests that montmorillonite clays can be newly formed by enhanced water-rock interactions when the pH is greater than 4. The formation of pyrite has been reported in studies of SO 2 -CO 2 -water-rock interactions [12,38]. Pyrite is stable under relatively low pH conditions [39].…”
Section: Change In Mineralogymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, to the best of our knowledge, most studies on the effect of SO 2 have been performed in rocks containing Ca-rich minerals (e.g., calcite and anorthite), easily buffering the pH [4,6,8,[12][13][14][15][16]. These studies showed that SO 2 did not largely influence the alteration of reservoir rocks because pH was quickly buffered enough to prevent significant dissolution of silicate minerals.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…For this reason, surface area was a parameter with great uncertainty in the geochemical modeling. In this study, the surface area was modified by trial and error within 10-100 times to match the experimental results of other studies [12,30].…”
Section: Geochemical Modelingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In a captured CO 2 for geologic storage condition, 1% of SO 2 content is unrealistically high in comparison to practically coinjective SO 2 content. The content of SO 2 contained in captured CO 2 is generally limited to less than 100 ppm [12]. However, the content of SO 2 in a storage aquifer can be increased by accumulating SO 2 locally with a structural trap or mass transfer limit [11,14].…”
The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of SO 2 -CO 2 -water-rock interaction on the alteration of a reservoir rock having Ca-deficient conditions and little buffering capacity and its implication for porosity change near the injection well from a CO 2 storage pilot site, Republic of Korea. For our study, three cases of experimental and geochemical modeling were carried out (pure CO 2 , 0.1% SO 2 in CO 2 , and 1% SO 2 in CO 2 , resp.) under realistic geologic storage conditions. Our results show that SO 2 accelerated waterrock interactions by lowering the pH. In the 1% SO 2 case, pH remained less than 2 during the experiments because of insufficient buffering capacity. Sulfate minerals were not precipitated because of an insufficient supply of Ca. Because the total volume of precipitated secondary minerals was less than that of the dissolved primary minerals, the porosity of rock increased in all cases. Chlorite largely contributed to the decrease in total rock volume although it formed only 4.8 wt.% of the rock. Our study shows that the coinjection of a certain amount of SO 2 at CO 2 storage reservoirs without carbonate and Ca-rich minerals can significantly increase the porosity by enhancing water-rock interactions. This procedure can be beneficial to CO 2 injection under some conditions.
“…Several researchers have reported that sulfate minerals such as gypsum, anhydrite, and alunite are formed by SO 2 -CO 2 -water-rock interaction when Ca-rich minerals such as calcite and anorthite are present [4,12,16,37]. They also reported that the precipitation of sulfate minerals may be a factor in reducing porosity near injection wells.…”
Section: Comparison To Other Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This suggests that montmorillonite clays can be newly formed by enhanced water-rock interactions when the pH is greater than 4. The formation of pyrite has been reported in studies of SO 2 -CO 2 -water-rock interactions [12,38]. Pyrite is stable under relatively low pH conditions [39].…”
Section: Change In Mineralogymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, to the best of our knowledge, most studies on the effect of SO 2 have been performed in rocks containing Ca-rich minerals (e.g., calcite and anorthite), easily buffering the pH [4,6,8,[12][13][14][15][16]. These studies showed that SO 2 did not largely influence the alteration of reservoir rocks because pH was quickly buffered enough to prevent significant dissolution of silicate minerals.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…For this reason, surface area was a parameter with great uncertainty in the geochemical modeling. In this study, the surface area was modified by trial and error within 10-100 times to match the experimental results of other studies [12,30].…”
Section: Geochemical Modelingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In a captured CO 2 for geologic storage condition, 1% of SO 2 content is unrealistically high in comparison to practically coinjective SO 2 content. The content of SO 2 contained in captured CO 2 is generally limited to less than 100 ppm [12]. However, the content of SO 2 in a storage aquifer can be increased by accumulating SO 2 locally with a structural trap or mass transfer limit [11,14].…”
The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of SO 2 -CO 2 -water-rock interaction on the alteration of a reservoir rock having Ca-deficient conditions and little buffering capacity and its implication for porosity change near the injection well from a CO 2 storage pilot site, Republic of Korea. For our study, three cases of experimental and geochemical modeling were carried out (pure CO 2 , 0.1% SO 2 in CO 2 , and 1% SO 2 in CO 2 , resp.) under realistic geologic storage conditions. Our results show that SO 2 accelerated waterrock interactions by lowering the pH. In the 1% SO 2 case, pH remained less than 2 during the experiments because of insufficient buffering capacity. Sulfate minerals were not precipitated because of an insufficient supply of Ca. Because the total volume of precipitated secondary minerals was less than that of the dissolved primary minerals, the porosity of rock increased in all cases. Chlorite largely contributed to the decrease in total rock volume although it formed only 4.8 wt.% of the rock. Our study shows that the coinjection of a certain amount of SO 2 at CO 2 storage reservoirs without carbonate and Ca-rich minerals can significantly increase the porosity by enhancing water-rock interactions. This procedure can be beneficial to CO 2 injection under some conditions.
The mineral trapping of CO 2 in geological formation is the most promising and safe mechanism for permanent carbon storage. The chlorite shows a great influence on the form and capacity of carbon storage in sandstone reservoirs due to its wide distribution and strong chemical activity. In this paper, to better understand the dissolution process of chlorite after the injection of CO 2 and its potential impacts on carbon mineral trapping patterns, two sets of hydrothermal batch reactions toward chlorite and CO 2 fluid are conducted at elevated temperature-pressure conditions (120 °C/180 °C, 18 MPa), considering the effects of extra calcite addition and the initial concentration of Ca 2+ in solution. During reactions, the changes in water chemistry and mineral surface morphology are monitored through effluent sampling and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, respectively and they are further analyzed in PHREEQC by the method of mineral saturation index. It is found that the simultaneous dissolution of chlorite and calcite in CO 2 saturated solutions will lead to a competition for H + , and the formation of massive surface complex CaHCO 3 by Ca 2+ in the initial solutions will lead to the consumption of H + . These inhibit the proton-promoted dissolution of chlorite. But when the concentration of Ca 2+ is increased to meet the requirements for ankerite precipitation, the demand of ankerite precipitation for elements Fe and Mg will conversely promote the chlorite dissolution. Besides, the concentration of Ca 2+ required for the precipitation of ankerite is relatively low,
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