SO<sub>2</sub>∶HCl ratios in the plumes from Mt. Etna and Vulcano determined by Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

Francis, P. W.; Maciejewski, Adam; Oppenheimer, Clive; Chaffin, Charles T.; Caltabiano, Tommaso

doi:10.1029/95gl01657

Cited by 70 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…[7] As suggested by field studies and numerical simulations [Francis et al, 1995[Francis et al, , 1998Gerlach, 2004;Aiuppa et al, 2005], halogens are mainly emitted by volcanoes as hydrogen halides (e.g., HCl, HBr). Nevertheless, it has been shown by thermodynamic models that significant amounts of atomic halogen species (i.e., Cl, Br) can be produced by high-temperature oxidative dissociation in a volcanic gas-air mixture [Gerlach, 2004;Aiuppa et al, 2005;Martin et al, 2006], particularly above the so-called compositional discontinuity, at which drastic changes in the speciation of gases occur [Gerlach and Nordlie, 1975].…”

Section: Chemical Reactions In Volcanic Plumesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive halogen chemistry in volcanic plumes

Bobrowski¹,

Glasow²,

Aiuppa³

et al. 2007

J. Geophys. Res.

151

173

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[1] Bromine monoxide (BrO) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) abundances as a function of the distance from the source were measured by ground-based scattered light Multiaxis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) in the volcanic plumes of Mt. Etna on Sicily, Italy, in August-October 2004 and May 2005 and Villarica in Chile in November 2004. BrO and SO 2 spatial distributions in a cross section of Mt. Etna's plume were also determined by Imaging DOAS. We observed an increase in the BrO/SO 2 ratio in the plume from below the detection limit near the vent to about 4.5 Â 10 À4 at 19 km (Mt. Etna) and to about 1.3 Â 10 À4 at 3 km (Villarica) distance, respectively. Additional attempts were undertaken to evaluate the compositions of individual vents on Mt. Etna. Furthermore, we detected the halogen species ClO and OClO. This is the first time that OClO could be detected in a volcanic plume. Using calculated thermodynamic equilibrium compositions as input data for a one-dimensional photochemical model, we could reproduce the observed BrO and SO 2 vertical columns in the plume and their ratio as function of distance from the volcano as well as vertical BrO and SO 2 profiles across the plume with current knowledge of multiphase halogen chemistry, but only when we assumed the existence of an ''effective source region,'' where volcanic volatiles and ambient air are mixed at about 600°C (in the proportions of 60% and 40%, respectively).

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Section: Chemical Reactions In Volcanic Plumesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive halogen chemistry in volcanic plumes

Bobrowski¹,

Glasow²,

Aiuppa³

et al. 2007

J. Geophys. Res.

151

173

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“…Our FTIR methodology for retrieval of column amounts of trace gases has been elaborated elsewhere [Francis et al, 1995] and is only briefly summarised here. We used a MIDAC brand FTIR spectrometer which incorporates a Michelson-type interferometer and a 1 mm 2 mercury-cadmium-telluride detector, attached to a 25 cm Newtonian telescope.…”

Section: Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic observation of HCl degassing from Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat

Oppenheimer¹,

Francis²,

Maciejewski³

1998

Geophysical Research Letters

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Abstract.Open-path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques were employed to study gas emissions from Soufriere Hills volcano in July-August 1996. Observations were made using both volcanic and artificial sources of infrared energy. Column amounts of HC1 fall in the range 1-100 ppmv m but other species expected in the gas phase, notably SO2, are not apparent in the spectra. The minimum detection limit for SO2 in these data indicates that the HC1/SO2 molecular ratio exceeded 10. Scaled against measured fluxes of SO2, the HC1 emission rate

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“…Synthetic aperture radar satellites illuminate the Earth's surface with microwave radiation and can be used for mapping topography to high precision (Francis et al 1996). Provided that a reliable digital elevation model (DEM) is available, images obtained on ascending and descending orbits of the host satellite can be obtained.…”

Section: Sar Interferometmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Well documented examples include the 1815 eruption of Tambora (Indonesia) which was followed by the 'year without a summer' in the northern hemisphere, and more recently E1 Chichon (1982) and Pinatubo (1991) (described for example in Francis 1993). In each case there is some doubt as to the extent of climate change (caused by cooling due to increased high altitude aerosols) during these short explosive eruptions, but it is likely that longer-lived eruptions such as the 1783 lava eruption at Laki (8 months)+ have a more prolonged effect on local and global temperatures.…”

Section: Why Monitor Volcanoes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mount Etna: monitoring in the past, present and future

Rymer

Ferrucci

Locke

1998

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Mount Etna is important to the economy of eastern Sicily, with agriculture and summer and winter tourism providing employment for thousands of people. Although there are no permanent homes within 10 km of the summit, year-round human activities on the upper slopes are proliferating and the risks from even a small eruption are consequently magnified. The earliest form of monitoring at Etna, as for other volcanoes, was direct observation. Modern volcano monitoring at its most effective is a synergy between basic science and hazard assessment. A prerequisite to effective monitoring is an understanding of volcanic structure and history. Sir Charles Lyell was among the first to make systematic observations of Mount Etna and laid the foundation of more modern studies. A huge array of monitoring techniques has been tested on Etna: methods that have proved successful in monitoring and sometimes in predicting eruptions include observations of seismicity, ground deformation and microgravity. These. together with electromagnetic, magnetic, gas geochemistry and various remote sensing techniques have also provided key information on the volcanic plumbing system and the eruption process. Monitoring techniques were formerly based on the most easily measured phenomena: other effects were either not recorded or were treated as noise. Future progress will be enhanced by taking account of these more subtle or complex effects and by the more comprehensive acquisition and real-time analysis of continuous data sets over extended periods. Important monitoring techniques and strategies available both now and in the near future are reviewed here in the context of Etna. The need to develop a reliable scientific platform for routine and inexpensive volcano monitoring throughout the world is highlighted.

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SO₂∶HCl ratios in the plumes from Mt. Etna and Vulcano determined by Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

Cited by 70 publications

References 14 publications

Reactive halogen chemistry in volcanic plumes

Reactive halogen chemistry in volcanic plumes

Spectroscopic observation of HCl degassing from Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat

Mount Etna: monitoring in the past, present and future

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SO2∶HCl ratios in the plumes from Mt. Etna and Vulcano determined by Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

Cited by 70 publications

References 14 publications

Reactive halogen chemistry in volcanic plumes

Reactive halogen chemistry in volcanic plumes

Spectroscopic observation of HCl degassing from Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat

Mount Etna: monitoring in the past, present and future

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Product

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About

SO₂∶HCl ratios in the plumes from Mt. Etna and Vulcano determined by Fourier Transform Spectroscopy