“…For elucidating the possibility of the transformation of gaseous SO 2 into PM 2.5 in the form of CaSO 4 crystals, the size distributions of slaked lime, dolomite, and lime stone were measured by laser diffraction using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000, as shown in Figure 10. Obviously, all of Ca-based fluxes contained a part of particles less than 2.5 µm in diameter, which therefore guaranteed the appearance of CaSO 4 in PM 2.5 via the main reactions given in eqs 1-7, as reported previously (Pan et al, 2011;Yu et al, 2015;Li et al, 2014): The source of K for the formation of K 2 SO 4 in PM 2.5 K was the trace elements in raw materials as introduced in Table 1, and it was able to volatilize partially in the sintering process, where the highest temperature easily reached above 1300°C, as has been reported (Remus et al, 2012;Yu et al, 2012). Actually, the removal ratio of K during the sintering process with increasing ratio of coke breeze had been investigated.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 79%
“…In China, sintering processes are an important source of SO 2 , accounting for 7% of its total industrial emissions (Wang et al, 2016). In sintering bed, formed SO 2 would undergo absorption by sintering mixture layer and then intensive release into the flue gas when flue gas temperature started to rise (Fan, 2011;Pan et al, 2011;Yu et al, 2015). During the absorbing, migrating, and releasing processes, complex physicochemical reactions are accompanied, which has the potential interaction with the formation of PM 2.5 .…”
The emission property of PM and SO throughout the sintering process exhibited well similarity. This phenomenon tightened the relationship between the formation of PM and the emission of SO. Through revealing the properties of SO-related PM during sintering process, the potential interaction between fine-grained Ca-based fluxes, potassium vapors, and SO was found to be the source of SO-related PM. This information can serve as the guidance to develop efficient techniques to control the formation and emission of PM in practical sintering plants.
“…For elucidating the possibility of the transformation of gaseous SO 2 into PM 2.5 in the form of CaSO 4 crystals, the size distributions of slaked lime, dolomite, and lime stone were measured by laser diffraction using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000, as shown in Figure 10. Obviously, all of Ca-based fluxes contained a part of particles less than 2.5 µm in diameter, which therefore guaranteed the appearance of CaSO 4 in PM 2.5 via the main reactions given in eqs 1-7, as reported previously (Pan et al, 2011;Yu et al, 2015;Li et al, 2014): The source of K for the formation of K 2 SO 4 in PM 2.5 K was the trace elements in raw materials as introduced in Table 1, and it was able to volatilize partially in the sintering process, where the highest temperature easily reached above 1300°C, as has been reported (Remus et al, 2012;Yu et al, 2012). Actually, the removal ratio of K during the sintering process with increasing ratio of coke breeze had been investigated.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 79%
“…In China, sintering processes are an important source of SO 2 , accounting for 7% of its total industrial emissions (Wang et al, 2016). In sintering bed, formed SO 2 would undergo absorption by sintering mixture layer and then intensive release into the flue gas when flue gas temperature started to rise (Fan, 2011;Pan et al, 2011;Yu et al, 2015). During the absorbing, migrating, and releasing processes, complex physicochemical reactions are accompanied, which has the potential interaction with the formation of PM 2.5 .…”
The emission property of PM and SO throughout the sintering process exhibited well similarity. This phenomenon tightened the relationship between the formation of PM and the emission of SO. Through revealing the properties of SO-related PM during sintering process, the potential interaction between fine-grained Ca-based fluxes, potassium vapors, and SO was found to be the source of SO-related PM. This information can serve as the guidance to develop efficient techniques to control the formation and emission of PM in practical sintering plants.
“…19 and Li et al . 20 5Morphology of typical particles from stage-1 and stage-2. a is the particle from stage-1; b , c , d , e and f are particles from stage-2…”
Patterns of trace elements participating in PM 2.5 (aerosol dynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) formation during iron ore sintering process were investigated. For elucidating this property, PM 2.5 collected from before and after the flue-gas-temperature-rising point (stage-1 and stage-2) was examined. The results show that trace elements including Pb, K, Na, Cl and S presented an enriched tendency in PM 2.5 from stage-2, while characterised lower contents in PM 2.5 from stage-1. Owing to the tiny size of PM 2.5 , trace elements participated in the formation of Fe-rich and Fe-Al-Si-rich particles in heterogeneous manner. Moreover, S participated in the formation of CaSO 4 particles from stage-1 and stage-2 in the form of homogeneous pattern, while Pb, K, Na and Cl participated homogeneously in the form of hybrid PbCl 2 -KCl, KCl and NaCl particles only from stage-2. The finding results clearly showed the relationship between the formation mechanisms of PM 2.5 and the contribution of trace elements, which can serve as the guideline to control PM 2.5 in sintering plants.
“…Therefore, within a certain temperature range, prolonging the heating time will be conducive to the increase in material temperature, thus increasing the desulfurization rate and the SO 2 generation concentration in the corresponding flue gas. [ 18,55 ]…”
Section: Desulfurization Ideas and Methodsmentioning
As essential materials, iron and steel, which form the core of many national economies, guarantee the survival and development of the country. However, the iron and steel industry is also a typical example of an industry with high energy consumption and high pollution levels. Against the backdrop of a double carbon and green environment, the steel industry still needs to achieve high‐quality development. The sintering and pelletizing processes are one of the limiting links that need to be broken through. This article focuses on the source, change process, and emission modes of sulfur in the sintering and pelletizing processes, and also systematically introduces the migration behavior and law of sulfur, along with several typical desulfurization processes. Finally, the future green development of the iron and steel industry is considered.
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