Snow-pack development and ground-frost penetration in the Blackstone Uplands, Yukon Territory, Canada

Abstract

R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission of the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission. Library a n d A r c h iv e s C a n a d a B ib lio th e q u e e t A r c h iv e s C a n a d a P u b lis h e d H e r ita g e B ran ch 395 Wellington Street Ottawa ON K1A 0N 4 C anada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-33712-7 O ur file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-33712-7 D irectio n du P a tr im o in e d e I'edition 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N 4 C anada NOTICE: The author has granted a non exclusive license allowing Library and Archives Canada to reproduce, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, communicate to the public by telecommunication or on the Internet, loan, distribute and sell theses worldwide, for commercial or non commercial purposes, in microform, paper, electronic and/or any other formats. AVIS: L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou autres formats. i * i Canada R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission. R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission of th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission. T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of contents iv List of tables ix List of figures xii C h a pte r 1: In t r o d u c t io n 1 C h a pte r 2: S n o w-Pa c k D e v e l o p m e n t a n d Fr o s t Pen e t r a t io n in 7 M o u n t a in o u s Terrain 2.5.1 Snow erosion 12 2.5.2 Snow transport 13 iv R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f th e copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission. 2.5.3 Sublimation 2.6 Effects of topography on snow-pack erosion and deposition 2.6.1 Elevation 2.6.2 Topographic sheltering 2.6.3 Aspect 2.6.4 Microtopography 2.7 Effects of the vegetation cover on snow-pack development 2.7.1 Aerodynamic properties of the vegetation cover 2.7.2 Snow-holding capacity 2.7.3 Vegetation and snow stratigraphy 2.8 Freezing of the active layer 2.9 Stefan's solution for the freezing of the active layer 2.10 Thermal properties of the ground 2.11 Air and ground surface temperatures 2.12 Timing and rate of snow-cover build-up 2.13 Snow stratigraphy 2.14 Vegetation cover and thermal regime of the active layer 2.15 Concluding remarks C h a pt e r 3: B io p h y sic a l Setting a n d D a t a C o llectio n 31