Snow and its Relationship to Experimental Meteorology

The Nature and the Origin of Ice Nuclei in the .Atmosphere

“…This view point agrees with the results of Schaefer (1951), Mason (1953), Kumai (1951), Isono (1955), Isono and Komabayasi (1954) and others.…”

A global classification of snow crystals, ice crystals, and solid precipitation based on observations from middle latitudes to polar regions

“…Three types of snow crystal classification have been published to date: general classifications of snow crystals (Nakaya and Sekido, 1938;Nakaya, 1954), practical classifications of solid particles (Schaefer, 1951;Mason, 1957Mason, , 1971Fierz et al, 2009), and a meteorological classification of snow crystals (Magono and Lee, 1966). The classification by Magono and Lee (1966) has been widely used to describe snow crystal shapes in snow and ice studies.…”

“…Previous snow particle classifications (Nakaya, 1954;Magono and Lee, 1966) did not include other types of solid precipitation, but a practical classification of solid precipitation (Schaefer, 1951;Mason, 1957Mason, , 1971) categorized other particles into ten codes, including ice pellets (or sleet in America) and hail. Therefore, we have added these solid precipitation classifications to our global classification.…”

“…This is called 'general classification of snow crystals'. Schaefer (1951) provided a practical classification of natural solid particles using 10 categories based on their size (very small, small, medium, large, and very large) and additional characteristics (broken, rimed, flake, and wet). This classification was also described by Mason (1957Mason ( , 1971.…”

Twenty Years of Airborne Research at the University of Washington

“…During the course of these studies we found that under some conditions the passage of an aircraft through a supercooled cloud can produce high concentrations of ice crystals (Rangno andHobbs 1983, 1984). This phenomenon had been noted briefly in Project Cirrus (e.g., Schaefer 1951), but subsequently was largely forgotten. Knowledge of its occurrence and effects is important in airborne cloud studies, particularly those concerned with cloud modifications.…”