SnO2-coated multiwall carbon nanotube composite anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

High reversible capacity of SnO2/graphene nanocomposite as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries

“…5b, the initial reversible specific capacity of the SnO 2 nanoparticles is 603.4 mAh g −1 . After the first cycle, the charge specific capacity increases to 639.9 mAh g −1 in the 3rd cycle, indicating an activation process in the material [9]. The activation process is due to the aggregation of SnO 2 nanoparticles, which result in that only part of active material is involved in the initial reaction.…”

“…As shown in Fig. 3c and d, SnO 2 nanoparticles are tightly attached to the graphene sheets and spatially separated by the graphene sheets in the SnO 2 /graphene nanocomposite, which are favorable for improving the cycling performance [9,31,33]. In addition, the nanosized SnO 2 particles and the elastic graphene sheets in the porous SnO 2 /graphene nanocomposite also help to accommodate the volume changes and prevent the pulverization of SnO 2 to a certain extent during discharge/charge cycles [13,[30][31][32][33][34], which would lead to excellent cycle capability.…”

“…Such porous nanocomposite can possess excellent cycle performance as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to the large amount of void spaces which could buffer large volume changes of SnO 2 nanoparticles during lithium ions insertion/extraction process [7,8,12,16,18,30,38]. Moreover, the graphene sheets distributed between the SnO 2 nanoparticles can prevent the aggregation of these nanoparticles to a certain extent [9,14,25,32,38], which can be of great benefit to cycle life. The nanoparticles deposited on graphene sheets can also prevent them from stacking into multilayers [31,33,34], matching well with the result that no obvious diffraction peak attributed to graphite in the XRD pattern of SnO 2 /graphene nanocomposite was observed.…”

“…The second strategy is very effective to improve the electrochemical performance of SnO 2 material. The carbon in SnO 2 /C composites can not only buffer the volume changes of SnO 2 nanoparticles and prevent them from aggregating to large particles but also increase electronic conductivity of composites due to its good electronic conductivity [5,9,10,12,16,23,25], which favors high rate performance.…”

“…One strategy is to design hollow or porous structure SnO 2 anode materials [6][7][8]13,15,20,27]. Another one is to prepare SnO 2 /C composites by loading SnO 2 nanoparticles into a ductile carbon matrix [9][10][11][12]17,18,21,25,26]. The second strategy is very effective to improve the electrochemical performance of SnO 2 material.…”