SnO₂nanoarrays for energy storage and conversion

Abstract

The term SnO 2 nanoarrays refers to the alignments of SnO 2 nanounits on different substrates, whose design and synthesis have attracted considerable attention due to their range of promising applications. We summarize various synthetic strategies towards the dimension-, size-and shape-controlled synthesis of SnO 2 nanoarrays on various substrates, providing the rational understanding on their on-purpose design through the control of growth parameters. The properties of SnO 2 nanoarrays related to their energy storage and conversion applications as anode materials for lithium ion batteries and photoanodes of dyesensitized solar cells are reviewed. CrystEngCommThis journal is Fig. 5 (a) Tilted view and (b) cross-section images of double-layered SnO 2 hemispheres on a Si substrate. Reproduced with permission. 35

Synthesis of Hierarchical Sb2MoO6 Architectures and Their Electrochemical Behaviors as Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

“…Ex situ TEM measurements were carried out to detect the structural and morphological changes of the Sb 2 MoO 6 nanobelts at different discharge and charge states in the first cycle, and in order to facilitate the complete electrochemical reaction, an extremely small current of 13 μA/cm 2 was applied in the discharge and charge processes. Figure a shows the TEM image of a single Sb 2 MoO 6 nanobelt when first discharged to ∼1.55 V. The single-crystalline nanobelts becomes amorphous with simultaneous formation of Sb metal nanoparticles with irregular shape amd size of ∼10 nm (Figure a), which are embeded within the amorphous 1D Li 2 O and MoO x matrix. , Inset of Figure a clearly shows the lattice fringes with spacing of 0.31 nm, which can be indexed to the (012) plane of Sb. When further discharged to 0.01 V, the amorphous nanobelt with diameter of ∼120 nm almost expands two times (Figure a vs b), which is attributed to the volume expansion because of the Li–Sb alloying.…”

“…Figure 4a shows the TEM image of a single Sb 2 MoO 6 nanobelt when first discharged to ∼1.55 V. The single-crystalline nanobelts becomes amorphous with simultaneous formation of Sb metal nanoparticles with irregular shape amd size of ∼10 nm (Figure 4a), which are embeded within the amorphous 1D Li 2 O and MoO x matrix. 34,35 Inset of Figure 4a clearly shows the lattice fringes with spacing of 0.31 nm, which can be indexed to the (012) plane of Sb. When further discharged to 0.01 V, the amorphous nanobelt with diameter of ∼120 nm almost expands two times (Figure 4a vs b), which is attributed to the volume expansion because of the Li−Sb alloying.…”

Vapor–liquid–solid growth and properties of one dimensional PbO and PbO/SnO2 nanowires

“…Metal oxide semiconductors such as SnO2, [1][2][3][4] In2O3 5,6 and Ga2O3 7,8 are n-type semiconductors with direct energy band-gaps that vary between 3.4 and 4.8 eV and have carrier densities which depend on the density of shallow defects as well as extrinsic impurities that are incorporated via doping. In contrast to the above, wide-band gap metal-oxide semiconductors, PbO2 is an n-type semiconductor with a narrow energy band gap of  0.5 eV and a higher carrier density of the order of 10 19 cm -3 , 9 which has been used mainly for energy storage and the realization of lead acid batteries (LABs), 10 but also for detectors, 11 sensors, 12 and photo catalysis.…”

Doping and Conductivity Limitations in Sb:SnO2 Nanowires Grown by the Vapor Liquid Solid Mechanism

“…SnO 2 nanowires (NWs) have been investigated extensively for the realization of novel energy conversion and storage devices as well as sensors, and in the past, we have grown SnO 2 NWs by the vapor liquid solid (VLS) mechanism at 800 °C and 10 –1 mbar on Si and fused SiO 2 (f-SiO 2 ). The SnO 2 NWs obtained under these conditions have a carrier density of the order of n ≈ 10 16 cm –3 and mobility of μ = 70 cm 2 /(V s) as determined by THz conductivity spectroscopy (TCS) .…”