Snapshots of Urban and Rural Food Environments: EPOCH-Based Mapping in a High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Country from a Non-Communicable Disease Perspective

Spires, Mark; Berggreen-Clausen, Aravinda; Kasujja, Francis Xavier; Delobelle, Peter; Puoane, Thandi; Sanders, David; Daivadanam, Meena

doi:10.3390/nu12020484

Cited by 21 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Food retail outlets and prepared food sources consisted mainly of open-air market sellers and food kiosks. This finding is similar to findings that have reported high presence of informal retail outlets in Uganda, Ghana, Zambia and South Africa [ 21 , 22 , 38 ]. The percentage of the supermarkets/minimart, retail outlets and fast-food restaurants were higher at the study sites in Nairobi compared to those in Kisumu, while open-air market vendors were predominant at the study sites in Kisumu.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The differences in retail outlet offerings in Kisumu and Nairobi is most likely a reflection of the economic differences between the two cities. Food environments in a rural setting in Uganda were found to offer less items compared to those in an urban setting [ 21 ]. While Kisumu is not in a rural setting, it is a smaller city with a lower economic stature compared to Nairobi [ 60 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, a majority of food environment-related research in the region has been conducted in South Africa with fewer studies conducted in other parts of the region [ 20 ]. Informal vendors still make up a large proportion of the food retailers in sub-Sahara Africa [ 21 ]. Food places like kiosks, market stalls, roadside stalls are physically accessible, allow customers to negotiate prices to some extent and may allow customers to buy food on credit, and offer a fairly large number of cereals, legumes, and fresh vegetables but relatively limited number of processed products and smaller packaging sizes [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food Environment in and around Primary School Children’s Schools and Neighborhoods in Two Urban Settings in Kenya

Gewa

Onyango

Opiyo

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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We conducted a cross-sectional study to provide an overview primary school children food environment in two urban settings in Kenya. Six schools, catering to children from low-, medium- and high-income households in the cities of Nairobi and Kisumu in Kenya, participated in the study. Data on types of food places and foods offered were collected and healthy and unhealthy food availability scores calculated for each place. We utilized prevalence ratio analysis to examine associations between food availability, food place characteristics and neighborhood income levels. Altogether, 508 food places, located within 1 km of the schools and the school children’s neighborhoods were observed. Open-air market sellers and kiosks were most common. The proportion of food places with high healthy food availability was 2.2 times greater among food places in Nairobi compared to Kisumu, 1.9 times greater in food places with multiple cashpoints, 1.7 times greater in medium/large sized food places and 1.4 times greater in food places located in high income neighborhoods. These findings highlight differences in availability of healthy foods and unhealthy foods across types of food places and neighborhood income levels and inform public health interventions aimed at promoting healthy food environments in Kenya.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food Environment in and around Primary School Children’s Schools and Neighborhoods in Two Urban Settings in Kenya

Gewa

Onyango

Opiyo

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Particularly for the low-and middle-income countries, it has been postulated that food marketing, in the form of advertising and product placement in communities that otherwise have limited access to these food items, may potentially accelerate the nutrition transition [50]. A recent study explored the urban and rural environments in cities of different income levels, and documented that Uganda had the highest in-community food advertising when compared to South Africa and Sweden [51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping of outdoor food and beverage advertising around primary and secondary schools in Kampala city, Uganda

et al. 2021

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Background Marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is recognized as a contributing factor to the global increase in overweight and obesity, particularly among children. Such marketing negatively affects children’s dietary preferences, food choices, purchasing requests, and consumption patterns. Given that little is known about food marketing in Africa, including in Uganda, monitoring children’s exposure to food marketing is essential to generate evidence on the problem and develop meaningful policy responses. The aim of this study was to describe the food and beverage marketing environment surrounding schools in urban and peri-urban areas of Kampala city. Methods Outdoor advertising around 25 randomly sampled primary and secondary schools within a radius of 250 m of each school was mapped. Information on size, setting, type, and position of the advertisements and the healthiness of the foods and beverages promoted was collected using the INFORMAS Outdoor Advertising Protocol. The occurrence of advertising was described using frequencies, median, and density per 100m2. Results A total of 1034 branded advertisements were identified around the schools. Of these, 86% featured unhealthy products, 7% healthy products, and 7% miscellaneous products. The most advertised products were sugar-sweetened beverages and alcoholic beverages (51 and 23%, respectively). Schools in the urban area were surrounded by more unhealthy ads than those in the peri-urban areas (median of 45 vs 24 advertisements). Conclusion The widespread extent of unhealthy food and beverage advertisements around primary and secondary schools highlights the need for food marketing regulation in Uganda, in line with the World Health Organization’s recommendations, to ensure that young people are protected from unhealthy food marketing.

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“…Particularly for the low and middleincome countries, it has been postulated that food marketing, in the form of advertising and product placement in communities that otherwise have limited access to these food items, may potentially accelerate the nutrition transition (50). A recent study explored the urban and rural environments in cities of different income levels, and documented that Uganda had the highest in-community food advertising when compared to South Africa and Sweden (51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping of Outdoor Food and Beverage Advertising Around Primary and Secondary Schools in Kampala City, Uganda

Dia

Løvhaug

Rukundo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are rising rapidly in low- and middle-income countries. Among the contributing factors for this increase is the marketing of unhealthy food products, which affects children’s dietary preferences, food choices, purchasing requests, and consumption patterns. Given that little is known about food marketing in Africa, including in Uganda, monitoring children’s exposure to food marketing is essential to generate evidence on the problem and develop meaningful policy responses. The aim of this study was to describe the food and beverage marketing environment surrounding schools in urban and peri-urban areas of Kampala city. Methods: Outdoor advertising around 25 randomly sampled primary- and secondary schools within a radius of 250 meters of each school was mapped. Information on size, setting, type, and position of the advertisements and the healthiness of the food and beverage promoted was collected using the INFORMAS Outdoor Advertising Protocol. The occurrence of advertising was described using frequencies, median, and density per 100m2. Results: A total of 1,034 branded advertisements was identified around the schools. Of these, 86% featured unhealthy products, 8% healthy, and 6 % miscellaneous. The most advertised products were sugar-sweetened beverages and alcoholic beverages (51% and 23%, respectively). Schools in the urban area were surrounded by more unhealthy ads than those in the peri-urban areas (median of 45 vs 24 ads). Conclusion: The considerable extent of unhealthy food and beverage advertisements around primary and secondary schools highlights the need for food marketing regulation in Uganda, in line with the World Health Organization’ recommendations, to ensure that young people are protected from unhealthy food marketing messages.

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Snapshots of Urban and Rural Food Environments: EPOCH-Based Mapping in a High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Country from a Non-Communicable Disease Perspective

Cited by 21 publications

References 64 publications

Food Environment in and around Primary School Children’s Schools and Neighborhoods in Two Urban Settings in Kenya

Food Environment in and around Primary School Children’s Schools and Neighborhoods in Two Urban Settings in Kenya

Mapping of outdoor food and beverage advertising around primary and secondary schools in Kampala city, Uganda

Mapping of Outdoor Food and Beverage Advertising Around Primary and Secondary Schools in Kampala City, Uganda

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