Snapping in Toads: Some Aspects of Sensorimotor Interfacing and Motor Pattern Generation

Weerasuriya, Ananda

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4412-4_30

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…APO-induced increases in glucose utilization were observed in the medial reticular formation and in the hypoglossal nucleus, both of which are involved in the motor pattern generation of snapping Matsushima et al, 1989;Ewert et al, 1994a]. The increases in glucose utilization in limbic structures (ventromedial pallium, septum, nucleus accumbens) and in structures that are connected to the limbic system (hypothalamus, ventral tegmentum) could be associated with setting the level of snapping motivation [Weerasuriya, 1983;Székely et al, 1983].…”

Section: Apo-induced Facilitation Of Snappingmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These tectal releasing systems are controlled and modulated by striatal [Ewert, 1984;Finkenstädt, 1989;Patton and Grobstein, 1998a, b], pretectal [Ewert, 1968[Ewert, , 1987, tegmental [Grobstein, 1991], preoptic/hypothalamic, and solitary/reticular [Weerasuriya, 1983;Székely et al, 1983] structures that contain dopaminergic cell bodies or fibers [González and Smeets, 1991].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Apomorphine Alters Prey-Catching Patterns in the Common Toad: Behavioral Experiments and 14C-2-Deoxyglucose Brain Mapping Studies

Glagow

Ewert²

1999

Brain Behav Evol

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Previous studies on the dopaminergic modulation of visuomotor functions in amphibians showed that the dopamine agonist apomorphine (APO) alters prey-catching strategies. After systemic administration of APO in common toads Bufo bufo, prey-oriented turning and locomotion was attenuated whereas snapping toward prey was facilitated in a dose dependent manner. With systemic APO administration, toads which had previously been hunting, that is pursuing prey, behaved in a waiting position, that is sitting motionless and waiting for prey. This suggests that APO facilitates the ingestive component and inhibits the orientational and locomotory components of prey capture. To help unravel the cerebral sites of action of APO, the present study employs the ¹⁴C-2-deoxyglucose method to compare the rate of local glucose utilization in 41 brain structures. The retinal projection fields – e.g. superficial optic tectum, pretectal nuclei, and anterior dorsal thalamic nucleus – showed an elevation in glucose utilization due to APO-induced increases in retinal output. The medial tectal layers and the ventral striatum, both involved in visuomotor functions related to prey-oriented turning and locomotion, displayed APO-induced decreases in glucose utilization. APO-induced increases in glucose utilization were observed in the medial reticular formation and the hypoglossal nucleus which participate in the motor pattern generation of snapping. APO-induced increases in glucose utilization were also detected in the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmentum (mesolimbic system) as well as in the ventromedial pallium (‘primordium hippocampi’) and the septum, both of which belonging to the limbic system. These structures contribute to motivational level control and may be responsible for the APO-induced elevation of the snapping rate. Various other structures revealed APO-induced increases in glucose utilization. These structures include the olfactory bulb, lateral pallium, suprachiasmatic nucleus, nucleus of the periventricular organ, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. The lateral amygdala displayed APO-induced decreases in glucose utilization. The APO-induced alterations in local cerebral glucose utilization are evaluated with reference to the distribution of dopaminergic structures, and this is compared with similar data obtained in the rat by other authors. A neural network explaining the APO-induced behavioral syndrome in the common toad is discussed.

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Section: Apo-induced Facilitation Of Snappingmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apomorphine Alters Prey-Catching Patterns in the Common Toad: Behavioral Experiments and 14C-2-Deoxyglucose Brain Mapping Studies

Glagow

Ewert²

1999

Brain Behav Evol

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“…In the ventrolateral tectum, high activity has been found in evoked-potential studies of the lateral-line projection in Xenopus [Lowe, 1986]. In visual prey orientation of frogs, many of the premotor fibers that descend from the tectum to the medulla were found to originate in the ventrolateral tectum [Weerasuriya and Ewert, 1981;Weerasuriya, 1983;Ingle, 1983;Lazar etal., 1983].…”

Section: Areas Involved In Wave Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central Organization of Wave Localization in the Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis

Elepfandt¹

1988

Brain Behav Evol

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The organization of water wave localization within the midbrain of the clawed frog Xenopus was investigated by performing behavioral tests on frogs that had partial midbrain ablations. The criterion of localization was the orientation of turns toward the origin of impinging waves. All lesion effects became apparent as localization failure within an angular sector of wave direction. The sectors were contralateral to the lesion and of various sizes, some comprising the complete hemifield. Localization outside of the sectors was not affected. Thus, wave localization is topologically organized with respect to wave direction. Two topological projections were found. Lesions of the first projection resulted in unoriented responses to the affected wave directions. After lesions of the other projection, the frog responded to waves from the affected directions by lunges without turns. It is suggested that the two types of localization failures are due to impairment of the sensory wave direction detection and of the sensorimotor transfer, respectively. The essential midbrain areas are presumably the magnocellular nucleus of the torus magnocellularis and the ventrolateral tectum, but a considerable part of the localization might be done in the medulla.

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“…After visual analysis of the potential prey, the feeding program is selected in the motor pattern generators (MPGs) of Q2 the brainstem which determines the appropriate spatial and temporal patterns of the desired motor activity (Corbacho et al, 2005;Ewert et al, 1990;Matsushima et al, 1989;Schwippert Abbreviations: MPGs, motor pattern generators; PCB, prey-catching behavior; TPB, tongue prehension behavior; tspV, spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve; Vmes, mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve. ଝ Grant Support: This work was supported by grants from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA TKI 11008) and Framing, 1989;Weerasuriya, 1983Weerasuriya, , 1989. In ranid frogs and toads the characteristic pattern for feeding is called tongue prehension behavior (TPB) (Monroy and Nishikawa, 2011;Nishikawa, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible neural network mediating jaw opening during prey-catching behavior of the frog

Kovalecz

Kecskes

Birinyi

et al. 2015

Brain Research Bulletin

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Please cite this article in press as: Kovalecz, G., et al., Termination of trigeminal afferent fibers on facial motoneurons: Possible neural network mediating jaw opening during prey-catching behavior of the frog. Brain Res. Bull. (2015) a b s t r a c tThe prey-catching behavior of the frog is a complex, well-timed sequence of stimulus response chain of movements. After visual analysis of the prey, a size dependent program is selected in the motor pattern generator of the brainstem. Besides this predetermined feeding program, various direct and indirect sensory inputs provide flexible adjustment for the optimal contraction of the executive muscles. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether trigeminal primary afferents establish direct contacts with the jaw opening motoneurons innervated by the facial nerve. The experiments were carried out on Rana esculenta (Pelophylax esculentus), where the trigeminal and facial nerves were labeled simultaneously with different fluorescent dyes. Using a confocal laser scanning microscope, close appositions were detected between trigeminal afferent fibers and somatodendritic components of the facial motoneurons.Quantitative analysis revealed that the majority of close contacts were encountered on the dendrites of facial motoneurons and approximately 10% of them were located on the perikarya. We suggest that the identified contacts between the trigeminal afferents and facial motoneurons presented here may be one of the morphological substrate in the feedback and feedforward modulation of the rapidly changing activity of the jaw opening muscle during the prey-catching behavior.

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Snapping in Toads: Some Aspects of Sensorimotor Interfacing and Motor Pattern Generation

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Apomorphine Alters Prey-Catching Patterns in the Common Toad: Behavioral Experiments and <sup>14</sup>C-2-Deoxyglucose Brain Mapping Studies

Apomorphine Alters Prey-Catching Patterns in the Common Toad: Behavioral Experiments and <sup>14</sup>C-2-Deoxyglucose Brain Mapping Studies

Central Organization of Wave Localization in the Clawed Frog, <i>Xenopus laevis</i>

Possible neural network mediating jaw opening during prey-catching behavior of the frog

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