2021
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661457
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Snakebite Envenoming Diagnosis and Diagnostics

Abstract: Snakebite envenoming is predominantly an occupational disease of the rural tropics, causing death or permanent disability to hundreds of thousands of victims annually. The diagnosis of snakebite envenoming is commonly based on a combination of patient history and a syndromic approach. However, the availability of auxiliary diagnostic tests at the disposal of the clinicians vary from country to country, and the level of experience within snakebite diagnosis and intervention may be quite different for clinicians… Show more

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Cited by 60 publications
(50 citation statements)
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“…A wider range of innovations to traditional antivenoms are now being developed, including new adjuvants, improved immunizing mixtures, quality control tools and assays, and the use of toxicovenomic technology-aided antivenom design, alongside new generation SBE treatments based on small molecules or cocktails of neutralizing antibody cocktails ( Gutiérrez et al, 2017 ). Likewise, the availability of new rapid tests to identify the offending snake species may have an impact on antivenom designs in the future ( Knudsen et al, 2021 ). The novel antivenoms that arise from these innovations will likely have very different characteristics in terms of geographic coverage, administration routes and costs, compared to conventional antivenoms.…”
Section: Upstream: Randd and Innovation/manufacturingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A wider range of innovations to traditional antivenoms are now being developed, including new adjuvants, improved immunizing mixtures, quality control tools and assays, and the use of toxicovenomic technology-aided antivenom design, alongside new generation SBE treatments based on small molecules or cocktails of neutralizing antibody cocktails ( Gutiérrez et al, 2017 ). Likewise, the availability of new rapid tests to identify the offending snake species may have an impact on antivenom designs in the future ( Knudsen et al, 2021 ). The novel antivenoms that arise from these innovations will likely have very different characteristics in terms of geographic coverage, administration routes and costs, compared to conventional antivenoms.…”
Section: Upstream: Randd and Innovation/manufacturingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To date, most diagnostic antibodies exhibit poor specificity (12)(13)(14)(15), thus hindering the correct selection and dosage of antiserum. We showed here that the principles of venom similarities and the underlying cross-reactivities of the same genus could be applied to develop universal genus-specific diagnosis tools for snakebite (11). A strategy was developed to effectively choose and prepare genus-specific snake venom antibodies that meet the requirement of a rapid and efficient clinical diagnosis of snakebite.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Early treatment of SBE has been linked to improved patient outcome, faster recovery, and decreased resource consumption at treatment facilities ( Johnston et al, 2017 ; Anderson et al, 2018 ; Alfred et al, 2019 ; Pinho et al, 2005 ; Mise et al, 2018 ). Therefore, researchers have long been developing supportive tools for the diagnosis of SBE, especially for differentiation of snake venoms ( Knudsen et al, 2021 ). Supportive diagnostic tools could potentially bring about multiple benefits, perhaps the foremost of which is facilitation of early and correct treatment, including selection of the most appropriate antivenom.…”
Section: New Methods For Diagnosis Of Snakebite Envenomingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Similar conclusions were obtained in Sri Lanka, although this country has polyvalent antivenoms available ( Ariaratnam et al, 2009 ). Syndromic diagnostic algorithms have also been used in Australia ( Isbister et al, 2013 ; Knudsen et al, 2021 ) and in sub-Saharan Africa by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). A large number of studies have been published on the development of diagnostic methods for the detection of venom components in different biological samples, notably using enzymatic immunoassays ( Knudsen et al, 2021 ).…”
Section: Choosing the Right Antivenom: Syndromic Diagnosis Versus Identification Of The Biting Snakementioning
confidence: 99%
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