‘Snack’ versus ‘meal’: The impact of label and place on food intake

The impact of intuitive eating v. pinned eating on behavioural markers: a preliminary investigation

“…Sample size was calculated using G Power to detect a small-to-medium effect size in the difference in self-reported behaviour between the two groups based on previous experimental work (e.g. 7,8,10) . The data were analysed to describe participant profile characteristics and to assess differences in these by condition using the t -test and the chi-square test ( x 2 ); to explore the impact of condition on changes in drive to eat, behaviour, behavioural intentions and self-efficacy using repeated-measures ANOVA and post hoc tests; to assess differences by condition in the evaluation using t -tests.…”

“…All items were measured on a Likert scale ranging from 'not at all' (1) to 'very much' (5). These items were based on those used in previous research to assess changes in the drive to eat in a number of different situations (8,10) .…”

“…For example, some studies have explored the notion of eating in the absence of hunger which has been found to be less apparent in children, more common in young women and linked with elements of disordered eating (5,6) . Likewise, research indicates that food intake is influenced by the words used to describe food, where and how food is eaten, how food is presented and that people consume more when distracted by external influences such as the TV, music or social interaction (7)(8)(9) . The notion of IE is therefore promising as a strategy to improve eating behaviour, but it may be hard to implement given the world we live in.…”

“…Furthermore, this shift away from designated meals is associated with a reduction in vegetable intake, overeating and subsequent weight gain ( 5 , 6 ) . In contrast, research indicates that much food intake is already governed by external cues ( 8 , 9 ) and that limiting snacking, introducing meal planning and meal timing can reduce body weight and food intake ( 13 – 15 ) , Furthermore, time-restricted feeding which limits the window when feeding can occur has also been shown to be beneficial to weight ( 15 ) . Likewise, endocrinological studies indicate that eating at set times each day leads to hormonal entrainment whereby ghrelin is released only around the pre-programmed times, thus controlling physical hunger ( 16 ) .…”

The mythologization of protein: a Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of snacks packaging

“…Previous research has also shown that different design elements on food packages, especially through creating health halo effects, can be used to promote healthiness to consumers (Van Trijp and Van der Lans 2007;Scharfer, Hooker, and Stanton 2016;Ogden et al 2018), even when the nutritional value of the food product is poor (Iles, Nan, and Verrill 2017). Health halo effects have also been found in studies of snack bar packaging stressing the protein content (Fernan, Schuldt, and Niederdeppe 2017).…”