Sn/SnO_x Core−Shell Nanospheres: Synthesis, Anode Performance in Li Ion Batteries, and Superconductivity

Abstract

Sn/SnO x core-shell nanospheres have been synthesized via a modified polyol process. Their size can be readily controlled by tuning the usage of surface stabilizers and the temperature. Anode performance in Li ion batteries and their superconducting properties is detailed. As anode materials, 45 nm nanospheres outperform both larger and smaller ones. Thus, they exhibit a capacity of about 3443 mAh cm -3 and retain about 88% of after 10 cycles. We propose a model based on the microstructural evolution to explain the size impact on nanosphere performance. Magnetic measurements indicate that the nanospheres become superconducting below the transition temperature T C ) 3.7 K, which is similar to the value obtained in bulk tin. Although T C does not significantly change with the size of the Sn core, we determined that the critical field H C of nanospheres can be as much as a factor of 30 larger compared to the bulk value. Alternating current measurements demonstrated that a transition from conventional to filamentary superconducting structure occurs in Sn/SnO x particles as their size increases. The transition is determined by the relationship between the particle size and the magnetic field penetration depth.

Influence of the binder types on the electrochemical characteristics of tin nanoparticle negative electrode for lithium secondary batteries

“…1(a) and (b) show that the electrode using CMC displays a much higher current density than that of using PVdF in the initial cycle, and the current density maintains stable in the following two cycles, indicating better cyclic retention of the electrode using CMC. In the case of CMC, the peak around 1.0 V in the cathodic process may involve three parts: the reduction of the electrolyte to form an SEI (solid electrolyte interface) film, the reduction of tin oxide that formed when the electrodes were exposed in the air during the preparation of the electrodes [26], and some reductive reactions of CMC. El Ouatani et al [22] found that the chemical reactivity of CMC towards the electrolyte takes part in the formation of the surface film, and contributes to the good properties of CMC as binder, and the reaction of CMC towards the electrolyte do not disappear upon electrochemical cycling.…”

Hollow nanotubular SnO2 with improved lithium storage

“…Though the capacity decreases with the higher rate, the synthesized product exhibits a stable cycle capability. Compared with the previous reported SnO 2 /graphene hybridization [29] and coreeshell structures SnO 2 materials [7,8], the material reported here is very attractive due to its facile, economical, and improved lithium storage. Fig.…”

High capacity group-IV elements (Si, Ge, Sn) based anodes for lithium-ion batteries

“…Wang et al successfully synthesized a series of M-Sn (M=Fe, Cu, Co, Ni) nanospheres [97] with size of 30~50 nm by a conversion chemistry, [98][99][100] which could rigorously control both the shape and the size of these nanoparticles for comparing their different performances. The theoretical capacities are CoSn 3 (852 M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT mAh g −1 ) > FeSn 2 (804 mAh g −1 ) > Ni 3 Sn 4 (725 mAh g −1 ) > Cu 6 Sn 5 (605 mAh g −1 ).…”

Stannous ions reducing graphene oxide at room temperature to produce SnOx-porous, carbon-nanofiber flexible mats as binder-free anodes for lithium-ion batteries

“…For example, tin oxides were nanosized to minimize the strain during volume changes. 4,5 For example, SnO 2 /graphene composites have been synthesized using tin salts and graphene oxide (GO) as raw materials by many methods, 11 such as NaBH 4 reduction, 21 hydrothermal growth, 22 and in situ deposition. 20 Another approach is to integrate tin oxides with carbonaceous materials to accommodate their huge volume changes, including amorphous carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or carbon nanofiber mats.…”

Colloidal Nanocrystals of Lithiated Group 14 Elements

“…[1][2][3] To realize this potential, one of the requirements is to replace the conventional graphite anode. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Their theoretical gravimetric charge capacities are 4200, 1625, and 994 mAhg À1 , respectively, up to ten times higher than that of graphite (372 mAhg À1 ). [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Their theoretical gravimetric charge capacities are 4200, 1625, and 994 mAhg À1 , respectively, up to ten times higher than that of graphite (372 mAhg À1 ).…”