Sn‐, Sb‐ and Bi‐Based Anodes for Potassium Ion Battery

Abstract

Owing to the abundant resources of potassium resources, potassium ion batteries (PIBs) hold great potential in various energy storage devices. However, the poor lifespan of PIBs anodes limit their merchant applications. The exploitation of anode materials with high performance is one of the critical factors to the development of PIBs. Metallic Sn-, Sb-, and Bibased materials, show promising future thanks to their high theoretical capacities and safe working voltage. However, the rapid capacity decay caused by the large K + is still a pivotal challenge. In this review, recent progresses on alloying anodes were summarized. Schemes, such as ultra-small nanoparticles, hetero-element doping, and electrolyte optimization are effective strategies to improve their electrochemical properties. This review provides an outlook on the nanostructures and their synthesis methods for the alloying-type materials, and will stimulate their intensive study for practical application in the near future.

Advances in bismuth-based anodes for potassium-ion batteries

“…60–62 As shown in Table 2, Bi has a significant advantage over other alloying-based materials and even compares favorably to commercial carbonaceous anode materials (high-quality graphite and hard carbon). 10,63,64 Metallic Bi delivers suitable reaction potential and high theoretical capacity (especially volumetric specific capacity of 3773 mA h cm −3 ), 52,65 which are paramount in practical conditions to construct a compact battery. Meanwhile, high conductivity (7.8 × 10 5 S m −1 ) and large interplanar spacing [ d (003) = 3.95 Å] endow Bi with easy electron/ion transportation and structural stress relaxation.…”

Small but mighty: Empowering sodium/potassium‐ion battery performance with S‐doped SnO2 quantum dots embedded in N, S codoped carbon fiber network

“…6,7 Much effort has been devoted to finding suitable anode materials to improve the electrochemical performance of SIBs and PIBs. [8][9][10] Among potential anode materials, tin oxide (SnO 2 ) stands out due to its high theoretical capacity (782 mAh g -1 ), abundance, low cost, and environmental friendliness. 11,12 However, SnO 2 suffers from significant volume changes (∼300%) induced by alloying/dealloying reactions, leading to severe pulverization and aggregation, unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and effective electrical contact loss, resulting in inferior electrochemical performance.…”

“…Much effort has been devoted to finding suitable anode materials to improve the electrochemical performance of SIBs and PIBs 8–10 . Among potential anode materials, tin oxide (SnO 2 ) stands out due to its high theoretical capacity (782 mAh g –1 ), abundance, low cost, and environmental friendliness 11,12 .…”

NaK alloy as a versatile reagent for template-free synthesis of porous metal- and metalloid-based nanostructures

“…Sn and Sb are widely known as alloying-type anode materials. 26 In Na-ion cells, Sn- and Sb-alloys form Na 15 Sn 4 and Na 3 Sb, 27 while in potassium-ion they form KSn and K 3 Sb at full charge. 28 In this work, the porous structures were used to suppress anode expansion.…”