Sn–Bi–Sb alloys as anode materials for sodium ion batteries

Abstract

The cycling stability of Sb-based anodes for sodium-ion batteries can be greatly improved by adding Sn and Bi atoms in a substitutional solid solution with the host Sb lattice.

Electrodeposited Binder‐Free Antimony−Iron−Phosphorous Composites as Advanced Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…Figure a and b show representative galvanostatic discharge and charge profiles of the Sb 18 Fe 58 P 24 and Sb 47 Fe 39 P 14 electrodes for the 1 st , 2 nd , 100 th , and 200 th cycles at 100 mA g −1 in a potential window of 0.02–1.50 V. Both Sb 18 Fe 58 P 24 and Sb 47 Fe 39 P 14 composite electrodes exhibited three sodiation potential plateaus at 0.55, 0.46, and 0.28 V and two desodiation potential plateaus at 0.8 and 0.9 V versus Na/Na + because both electrodes were composed of the same phases (Sb, FeSb 2 , and FeP 2 ). Two significant plateaus at 0.55 V and 0.46 V are attributed to the formation of NaSb and Na 3 Sb . The distinct plateau at 0.28 V is attributed to Na 3 P formation, while those at 0.77 and 0.88 V in the desodiation voltage profile are attributed to the transformation of crystalline Na 3 Sb to amorphous Sb .…”

“…Two significant plateaus at 0.55 V and 0.46 V are attributed to the formation of NaSb and Na 3 Sb. [42] The distinct plateau at 0.28 V is attributed to Na 3 P formation, [20] while those at 0.77 and 0.88 V in the desodiation voltage profile are attributed to the transformation of crystalline Na 3 Sb to amorphous Sb . [43] According to previous reports, [44,45] the desodiation of Na 3 P also occurs at 0.88 V, which explains the strong anodic peak at that potential.…”

Recent progress on sodium ion batteries: potential high-performance anodes

“…1) Alloys of M-(Sn, Sb, and Ge), in which M is an electrochemically active component, such as SnSb, 26,27,103 Sn-Ge, 25 Zn4Sb3, 104 Sn-Ge-Sb, 24 and Sn-Bi-Sb, 105 which have attracted increasing attention because the two different metal phases can work as mutual buffers for each other to alleviate the volume fluctuations. Specifically, for these alloys, the single metal has certain electrochemical performance but not that promising, for instance, Sn metal as anode for batteries has very high theoretical capacity, but poor cycling performance, while Sb metal as anode for batteries has lower theoretical capacity, but better cycling performance, so the formed SnSb alloy have better electrochemical performance than that of single one.…”

Recent advances on flexible electrodes for Na-ion batteries and Li–S batteries

“…Pomegranate-like Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 -C composite cathode [36] exhibits significantly high cycling stability by retaining ∼57 mAh g -1 (74.7%) of discharge capacity at 2340 mA g -1 after 10,0 0 0 cycles. Several high performance anode materials for SIBs ( Table 2 ) such as carbonaceous materials [39,40] , sulfides [41] , oxides [42] , alloys [43] , and polymers [44] have been developed. 2D conjugated aromatic polymer [44] is prepared by solid state polymerization (based on C-C coupling reactions), which exhibits significantly high cycling stability by retaining ∼79 mAh g -1 (70%) of discharge capacity at 50 0 0 mA g -1 after 7700 cycles.…”