Sn-Based Porous Coordination Polymer Synthesized with Two Ligands for Tandem Catalysis Producing 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

Abstract

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a biomass-derived important platform compound. Developing an efficient catalyst for producing HMF from a biomass source is important. Herein, using the ligands 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (SPA) and imidazole (Imd), a tin-based porous coordination polymer was synthesized, namely SPA-Imd-TinPCP. This novel material possesses a multifunctional catalysis capability. The coordinated tin (IV) can catalyze the isomerization of glucose to fructose. The ligand imidazole, as an additional base site, can catalyze glucose isomerization. The sulfonic group of the ligand SPA can catalyze the dehydration of fructose to HMF. SPA-Imd-TinPCP was used as a catalyst for the conversion of glucose to HMF. HMF yields of 59.5% in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 49.8% in the biphasic solvent of water/tetrahydrofuran were obtained. Consecutive use of SPA-Imd-TinPCP demonstrated that, after reusing it five times, there was no significant activity loss in terms of the glucose conversion and HMF yield.Abstract: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a biomass-derived important platform compound. Developing an efficient catalyst for producing HMF from a biomass source is important. Herein, using the ligands 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (SPA) and imidazole (Imd), a tin-based porous coordination polymer was synthesized, namely SPA-Imd-TinPCP. This novel material possesses a multifunctional catalysis capability. The coordinated tin (IV) can catalyze the isomerization of glucose to fructose. The ligand imidazole, as an additional base site, can catalyze glucose isomerization. The sulfonic group of the ligand SPA can catalyze the dehydration of fructose to HMF. SPA-Imd-TinPCP was used as a catalyst for the conversion of glucose to HMF. HMF yields of 59.5% in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 49.8% in the biphasic solvent of water/tetrahydrofuran were obtained. Consecutive use of SPA-Imd-TinPCP demonstrated that, after reusing it five times, there was no significant activity loss in terms of the glucose conversion and HMF yield.

In Situ Synthesis of Sn-Beta Zeolite Nanocrystals for Glucose to Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)

“…To further investigate the Sn species of the 0.4 wt% Sn-Beta, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed as shown in Figure 3. There were three distinct peaks that appeared at 484.4, 486.5, and 487.5 eV, which contributed to Sn 0 , SnO2, and Sn isomorphous substitution in the zeolite framework, respectively [42,43]. These observations reveal that the 0.4 wt% Sn-Beta obtained by an in-situ hydrothermal process can successfully incorporate Sn active sites into the zeolite framework.…”

Functionalized Polyethylene Glycol as a Catalyst for Esterification of Salicylic Acid

“…Green chemistry principles now motivate researchers to use solid acids with sulfonate groups functionalized solid acids as high-performance, reusable, and environmentally friendly catalysts for chemical syntheses, as green alternatives to toxic and unrecyclable homogeneous acid catalysts [17,18]. catalysts containing -SO 3 H have received considerable attention as environmentally benign and can be used in organic synthesis particularly in the esterification and transesterification of various alcohols due to their higher acidic strength, increased thermal stability, and reduced toxicity [19][20][21][22]. The citric acid (CA) is an organic acid with a carboxylic group-rich structure that is inexpensive and ecologically benign.…”

Dual-Functional Coordination Polymer with High Proton Conductivity and a Low-Detection-Limit Fluorescent Probe

“…Among the recent developments in coordination chemistry, coordination polymers (CPs) have shown attractive applications due to their modular design and construction of structures with tailored properties. These features attract researchers to explore their properties and applications in the fields of gas and guest sorption, catalysis, luminescence, sensing, magnetism, batteries, and supercapacitors . Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be promising clean energy due to their outstanding advantages such as high energy conversion efficiency and environmental friendliness.…”