SN 2019ehk: A Double-peaked Ca-rich Transient with Luminous X-Ray Emission and Shock-ionized Spectral Features

Jacobson-Galán, W. V.; Margutti, R.; Kilpatrick, C. D.; Hiramatsu, D.; Perets, Hagai B.; Khatami, David; Foley, R. J.; Raymond, J. C.; Yoon, Sung Chul; Bobrick, Alexey; Zenati, Yossef; Galbany, L.; Andrews, Jennifer E.; Brown, P. J.; Cartier, R.; Coppejans, D. L.; Dimitriadis, G.; Dobson, Matthew M.; Hajela, A.; Howell, D. A.; Kuncarayakti, H.; Milisavljević, D.; Rahman, Mohammed M.; Rojas-Bravo, C.; Sand, David J.; Shepherd, J T; Smartt, S. J.; Stacey, Holland; Stroh, M. C.; Swift, Jonathan J.; Terreran, G.; Vinkó, J.; Wang, Xiaofeng; Anderson, J. P.; Baron, Edward; Berger, E.; Blanchard, P. K.; Burke, J.; Coulter, D. A.; DeMarchi, L. M.; DerKacy, James M.; Fremling, C.; Gómez, Sebastián; Gromadzki, M.; Hosseinzadeh, G.; Kasen, Daniel; Kriskovics, L.; McCully, C.; Müller-Bravo, T. E.; Nicholl, M.; Ordasi, A.; Pellegrino, C.; Piro, Anthony L.; Pál, András; Ren, Juanjuan; Rest, A.; Rich, R. Michael; Sai, Hanna; Sárneczky, K.; Shen, Ken J.; Short, P.; Siebert, M. R.; Stauffer, C.; Szakáts, R.; Zhang, Xinhan; Zhang, Jujia; Zhang, Kaicheng

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9e66

Cited by 60 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…Our current sample of Ca-rich SNe offsets is based on the sample from our original characterization study (Perets et al 2010) based on SNe from the LOSS and CCCP surveys, and the additional Ca-rich SNe discovered by the PTF/iPTF (Kasliwal et al 2012;Lunnan et al 2017;De et al 2018), PESSTO (Valenti et al 2014) and ZTF (De et al 2020;Jacobson-Galán et al 2020 surveys. The SNe offsets are taken from these studies, and summarized in Table 1; the cumulative The cumulative offset distributions of sGRBs and Ca-rich supernovae in early-and late-type galaxies.…”

Section: Ca-rich Supernovae Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These might even relate to the intracluster regions where they were found. Indeed, ∼ 15 − 20 per cent of type Ia SNe in clusters are found in the intracluster medium far from any host galaxy(Gal-Yam et al 2003;Sand et al 2011).We note that various SNe with only partial similarities to faint, type Ib, Ca-rich SNe characteristics were discussed in the literature (see e.g De et al 2020;Jacobson-Galán et al 2020. for recent overviews, and references therein); these are not considered in our sample of bona-fide Ca-rich SNe).…”

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confidence: 94%

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No velocity-kicks are required to explain large-distance offsets of Ca-rich supernovae and short-GRBs

Perets

Beniamini

2021

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Environments of supernovae (SNe) and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) link their progenitors to the underlying stellar population, providing critical clues for their origins. However, various transients including Ca-rich SNe and short-GRBs, appear to be located at remote locations, far from the stellar population of their host galaxy, challenging our understanding of their origin and/or physical evolution. These findings instigated models suggesting that either large velocity-kicks were imparted to the transient progenitors, allowing them to propagate to large distances and attain their remote locations; or that they formed in dense globular-clusters residing in the haloes. Here we show that instead, large spatial-offsets of such transients are naturally explained by observations of highly extended stellar populations in (mostly early-type) galaxy haloes, typically missed since they can only be identified through ultra-deep/stacked images. Consequently, no large velocity kicks, nor halo globular-cluster environments are required in order to explain the origin of these transients. These findings support thermonuclear explosions on white-dwarfs, for the origins of Ca-rich SNe progenitors, and the existence of small (or zero) kick-velocities given to short-GRB progenitors. Furthermore, since stacked/ultra-deep imaging show that early-type galaxies are more extended than late-type galaxies, studies of transients’ offset-distribution (e.g. type Ia SNe or FRBs) should account for host galaxy-type. Since early-type galaxies contain older stellar populations, transient arising from older stellar populations would have larger fractions of early-type hosts, and consequently larger fractions of large-offset transients. In agreement with out results for short-GRBs and Ca-rich SNe showing different offset distributions in early versus late-type galaxies.

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Section: Ca-rich Supernovae Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 94%

No velocity-kicks are required to explain large-distance offsets of Ca-rich supernovae and short-GRBs

Perets

Beniamini

2021

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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“…More recently, similar structures involving extended material have been invoked to explain a wide variety of transient events (e.g., De et al 2018a;Taddia et al 2018;Fremling et al 2019;Ho et al 2020;Jacobson-Galán et al 2020;Yao et al 2020). Constraining the mass and radius of extended material usually involves comparing the observations to rough analytic scalings or fitting semianalytic models (Nakar & Piro 2014;Piro 2015;Nagy & Vinkó 2016;Sapir & Waxman 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shock Cooling Emission from Extended Material Revisited

Piro

Haynie

Yao

2021

ApJ

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Following shock breakout, the emission from an astrophysical explosion is dominated by the radiation of shockheated material as it expands and cools, known as shock cooling emission (SCE). The luminosity of SCE is proportional to the initial radius of the emitting material, which makes its measurement useful for investigating the progenitors of these explosions. Recent observations have shown some transient events have especially prominent SCE, indicating a large radius that is potentially due to low-mass extended material. Motivated by this, we present an updated analytic model for SCE that can be utilized to fit these observations and learn more about the origin of these events. This model is compared with numerical simulations to assess its validity and limitations. We also discuss SN 2016gkg and SN 2019dge, two transients with large early luminosity peaks that have previously been attributed to SCE of extended material. We show that their early power-law evolution and photometry are well matched by our model, strengthening support for this interpretation.

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“…Compared with canonical SNe Ibc, we expect light curves of ultra-stripped SNe to be rapidly evolving and subluminous due to the small amount of M ej and M Ni produced. Among the group of faint and fast objects, SN2005ek (Drout et al 2013), SN2010X (Kasliwal et al 2010), as well as some of the calcium-rich gap transients including PTF10iuv (Kasliwal et al 2012), iPTF16hgs (De et al 2018b), and SN2019ehk (Jacobson-Galán et al 2020;Nakaoka et al 2020) have been suggested as good candidates for ultra-stripped SNe (Moriya et al 2017). However, properties of these objects are also consistent with alternative interpretations, including corecollapse of stars with extended hydrogen-free envelopes (Kleiser & Kasen 2014;Kleiser et al 2018aKleiser et al , 2018b, and explosive detonation of a helium shell on the surface of white dwarfs (Shen et al 2010;Sim et al 2012;Jacobson-Galán et al 2019;Polin et al 2019;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SN2019dge: A Helium-rich Ultra-stripped Envelope Supernova

Yao

Kasliwal

et al. 2020

ApJ

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We present observations of ZTF18abfcmjw (SN2019dge), a helium-rich supernova with a fast-evolving light curve indicating an extremely low ejecta mass (≈0.33 M e) and low kinetic energy (≈1.3×10 50 erg). Early-time (<4 days after explosion) photometry reveals evidence of shock cooling from an extended helium-rich envelope of∼0.1 M e located ∼1.2×10 13 cm from the progenitor. Early-time He II line emission and subsequent spectra show signatures of interaction with helium-rich circumstellar material, which extends from5×10 13 cm to2×10 16 cm. We interpret SN2019dge as a helium-rich supernova from an ultra-stripped progenitor, which originates from a close binary system consisting of a mass-losing helium star and a low-mass main-sequence star or a compact object (i.e., a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole). We infer that the local volumetric birth rate of 19dge-like ultra-stripped SNe is in the range of 1400-8200-Gpc yr 3 1 (i.e., 2%-12% of core-collapse supernova rate). This can be compared to the observed coalescence rate of compact neutron star binaries that are not formed by dynamical capture.

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SN 2019ehk: A Double-peaked Ca-rich Transient with Luminous X-Ray Emission and Shock-ionized Spectral Features

Cited by 60 publications

References 152 publications

No velocity-kicks are required to explain large-distance offsets of Ca-rich supernovae and short-GRBs

No velocity-kicks are required to explain large-distance offsets of Ca-rich supernovae and short-GRBs

Shock Cooling Emission from Extended Material Revisited

SN2019dge: A Helium-rich Ultra-stripped Envelope Supernova

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