“…All these crucial considerations demonstrate the importance of enhancing the resilience of RPL networks against internal routing attacks, particularly the VN attack. Recently, there have been some research efforts toward addressing such a fundamental RPL security challenge of VN attack mitigation [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35]. However, most of the proposed solutions were based on limited design aspects such as the need for additional entities, heavy node-local processing, and further communication establishment.…”