Smooth pursuit eye movements of normal and schizophrenic subjects tracking an unpredictable target

Allen, John S.; Matsunaga, Katsuya; Hacιsalihzade, Selim S.; Stark, Lawrence

doi:10.1016/0006-3223(90)90457-d

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The results indicated that patients with schizophrenia were less adept than were normals in anticipating the turnaround point in the stimulus trajectory, as indicated by a significantly longer interval between direction reversal of eye and target movement. This interpretation is supported by Allen et al (1990) (134) and Kowler et al (1990) (135), who claim that anticipation is an integral part of pursuit behavior and that smooth pursuit participants construct an internal representation of target motion to anticipate the target's future location.. Furthermore, Thaker and colleagues (1996) (87), using step-ramp and single step tasks, reported significantly lower accuracies of CUSs in schizophrenic patients than in normal control participants, an observation that is further supported by Ross, Thaker and colleagues (1997)) (88).…”

Section: Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement (Spem)supporting

confidence: 66%

Neurophysiologic mechanisms of attention: a selective review of early information processing in schizophrenics

Schwartz

Tomlin²,

Evans³

et al. 2001

Front Biosci

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Attention is an integral component of information processing. A pronounced attention deficit exists among people with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives as compared to persons without this pathology. Schizophrenics demonstrate marked deficiencies on psychophysical tasks that require temporal and / or spatial integration, properties that are associated with the two primary visual pathways composed of magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) cells, respectively. The deficit expresses itself as a dysfunctional information processing system that affects higher order processes, for example, perceptual ability and memory. The focus of this review is to integrate results from several divergent areas of research to include those studies that identify the contributions of the M and P pathways associated with information processing and the attention deficit. The diverse approaches reviewed in this chapter converge to provide a neurophysiologic explanation of the attention deficit in schizophrenia.

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Section: Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement (Spem)supporting

confidence: 66%

Neurophysiologic mechanisms of attention: a selective review of early information processing in schizophrenics

Schwartz

Tomlin²,

Evans³

et al. 2001

Front Biosci

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“…In particular, family studies are needed to further investigate the familiality of memory-guided saccade performance, smooth pursuit generic and corrective saccade rates, and prosaccade hypometria. Moreover, important theoretical advancements can occur through experimental manipulations of smooth pursuit task parameters (e.g., Allen, Matsunaja, Hacisalihzade, & Stark, 1990; Clementz & McDowell, 1994; Thaker et al, 1996; Thaker et al, 1998), visually guided saccades (e.g., Broerse, Holthausen, van den Bosch, & den Boer, 2001; Clementz, 1996; Currie et al, 1993; Hutton et al, 2001; Matsue, Osakabe et al, 1994; Sereno & Holzman, 1991), antisaccades (e.g., Barton et al, 2002; Curtis, Calkins, & Iacono, 2001; McDowell & Clementz, 1997; McDowell, Myles-Worsley, Coon, Byerley, & Clementz, 1999), as well as little-studied eye movements like predictive saccades (e.g., Clementz, McDowell, & Zisook, 1994; Hutton et al, 2001). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First and most fundamentally, the vast majority of studies indicate that EMD does not occur in all patients with schizophrenia. Reports of the percentage of schizophrenia patients evidencing global SPEMD range from 12% (Blackwood, St. Clair, Muir, & Duffy, 1991) to 96% (Allen et al, 1990), with the majority of studies falling in the range of 50–86% (Holzman, Kringlen, Levy, & Haberman, 1980), compared to a range of less than 1% (Lencer, Trillenberg-Krecker, Schwinger, & Arolt, 2003) to 8% (Campion et al, 1992) in controls. Decreased closed loop gain has been reported as occurring in 20% (Kathmann, Hochrein, Uwer, & Bondy, 2003) to 75% (Campion et al, 1992)of schizophrenia patients, vs. 2% (Ross et al, 2002) to 19% (Louchart-de la Chapelle et al, 2005) in controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movement dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analytic evaluation of candidate endophenotypes

Calkins

Iacono

Ones

2008

Brain and Cognition

108

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Several forms of eye movement dysfunction (EMD) are regarded as promising candidate endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Discrepancies in individual study results have led to inconsistent conclusions regarding particular aspects of EMD in relatives of schizophrenia patients. To quantitatively evaluate and compare the candidacy of smooth pursuit, saccade and fixation deficits in first-degree biological relatives, we conducted a set of meta-analytic investigations. Among 16 measures of EMD, memory-guided saccade accuracy and error rate, global smooth pursuit dysfunction, intrusive saccades during fixation, antisaccade error rate and smooth pursuit closed loop gain emerged as best differentiating relatives from controls (standardized mean differences ranged from .46 to .66), with no significant differences among these measures. Anticipatory saccades, but no other smooth pursuit component measures were also increased in relatives. Visually-guided reflexive saccades were largely normal. Moderator analyses examining design characteristics revealed few variables affecting the magnitude of the meta-analytically observed effects. Moderate effect sizes of relatives v. controls in selective aspects of EMD supports their endophenotype potential. Future work should focus on facilitating endophenotype utility through attention to heterogeneity of EMD performance, relationships among forms of EMD, and application in molecular genetics studies.

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“…Most of the studied used electro-oculography (EOG) to record eye movement, others used infrared reflectometry (IR), or both. A total of 26 articles fulfilled our selection criteria (Acker and Toone, 1978; Allen et al, 1990; Altman et al, 1990; Amador et al, 1991; Blackwood et al, 1991; Boudet et al, 2005; Clementz et al, 1992; Holahan and O’Driscoll, 2005; Holzman et al, 1973; Iacono et al, 1992; Jones and Pivik, 1985; Keefe et al, 1989; Kinney et al, 1998; Levin et al, 1981; Levin et al, 1988; Levy et al, 1992; Levy et al, 2000; Louchart-de la Chapelle et al, 2005; Matthysse et al, 1986; Ross et al, 1998; Saletu et al, 1986; Scarone et al, 1987; Sereno and Holzman, 1995; Siever et al, 1990; Smeraldi et al, 1987; Thaker et al, 1996). Effect sizes and percent abnormal calculations are presented in Table 3.…”

Section: Neuromotor Abnormalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endophenotypes in schizophrenia: A selective review

Allen

Griss

Folley

et al. 2009

Schizophrenia Research

185

113

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Background Given the wealth of data in the literature on schizophrenia endophenotypes, it is useful to have one source to reference their frequency data. We reviewed the literature on disease-liability associated variants in structural and functional magnetic resonance images (MRI), sensory processing measures, neuromotor abilities, neuropsychological measures, and physical characteristics in schizophrenia patients (SCZ), their first-degree relatives (REL), and healthy controls (HC). The purpose of this review was to provide a summary of the existing data on the most extensively published endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Methods We searched PubMed and MedLine for all studies on schizophrenia endophenotypes comparing SCZ to HC and/or REL to HC groups. Percent abnormal values, generally defined as > 2 SD from the mean (in the direction of abnormality) and/or associated effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated foreach study. Results Combined, the articles reported an average 39.4% (SD=20.7%; range=2.2-100%) of abnormal values in SCZ, 28.1% (SD=16.6%; range=1.6-67.0%) abnormal values in REL, and 10.2% (SD=6.7%; range=0.0-34.6%) in HC groups. Conclusions These findings are reviewed in the context of emerging hypotheses on schizophrenia endophenotypes, as well as a discussion of clustering trends among the various intermediate phenotypes. In addition, programs for future research are discussed, as instantiated in a few recent large-scale studies on multiple endophenotypes across patients, relatives, and healthy controls.

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Smooth pursuit eye movements of normal and schizophrenic subjects tracking an unpredictable target

Cited by 22 publications

References 21 publications

Neurophysiologic mechanisms of attention: a selective review of early information processing in schizophrenics

Neurophysiologic mechanisms of attention: a selective review of early information processing in schizophrenics

Eye movement dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analytic evaluation of candidate endophenotypes

Endophenotypes in schizophrenia: A selective review

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