Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements in the Newborn Infant

Kremenitzer, Janet Pickard; Vaughan, Herbert G.; Kurtzberg, Diane; Dowling, Kathryn C.

doi:10.2307/1129421

Cited by 109 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Smooth Pursuit Smooth pursuit has been elicited in newborns (Kreminitzer et al 1979, Shea & Aslin 1990) under conditions in which target speeds are moderately slow and velocity is constant (see Hainline 1998). A rapid improvement in smooth pursuit performance apparently occurs between birth and 3-4 months of age (Aslin 1981, Phillips et al 1997, Von Hofsten & Rosander 1997.…”

Section: The Development Of Spatial Orientingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Visual Attention in Infancy

Colombo

2001

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

547

548

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Over the past decade, the study of attention in infancy has seen dramatic progress. This review delineates four attentional functions (alertness, spatial orienting, attention to object features, and endogenous attention) that are relevant to infancy and uses these functions as a framework for summarizing the developmental course of attention in infancy. Rudimentary forms of various attentional functions are present at birth, but each of the functions exhibits different and apparently dissociable periods of postnatal change during the first years of life. The role of attention in development should therefore be considered in the context of interaction among different systems at different levels of maturity during the first years of life.

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Section: The Development Of Spatial Orientingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Visual Attention in Infancy

Colombo

2001

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

547

548

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“…In visually normal adult humans, monkeys, and cats, horizontal OKN is symmetrical-the alternating pursuit and saccadic eye movements are similar whether the stimulus moves leftward or rightward and whether subjects look with one eye or both (e.g., Braun & Gault, 1969;Lewis, Maurer, Smith, & Haslip, 1992;Pasik & Pasik, 1964). When tested binocularly, even newborn babies, like young monkeys and kittens, show symmetrical OKN in response to horizontally moving patterns (Atkinson, 1979;Krementizer, Vaughan, Kurtzberg, & Dowling, 1979;van Hof-van Duin, 1978). In contrast, when tested monocularly, all three species show asymmetrical OKN during early infancy: OKN is elicited easily when a pattern moves temporally to nasally, but not when it moves nasally to temporally (e.g., Atkinson, 1979;Lewis, Maurer, Smith, & Haslip, 1992;van Hof-van Duin, 1978).…”

Section: Asymmetry Of Optokinetic Nystagmus Normal Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple sensitive periods in human visual development: Evidence from visually deprived children

Lewis

Maurer

2005

Developmental Psychobiology

366

249

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Psychophysical studies of children deprived of early visual experience by dense cataracts indicate that there are multiple sensitive periods during which experience can influence visual development. We note three sensitive periods within acuity, each with different developmental time courses: the period of visually-driven normal development, the sensitive period for damage, and the sensitive period for recovery. Moreover, there are different sensitive periods for different aspects of vision. Relative to the period of visually driven normal development, the sensitive period for damage is surprisingly long for acuity, peripheral vision, and asymmetry of optokinetic nystagmus, but surprisingly short for global motion. A comparison of results from unilaterally versus bilaterally deprived children provides insights into the complex nature of interactions between the eyes during normal visual development.

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“…Infants are known to have mechanisms for detecting motion, separating moving regions from a stationary background, and tracking a moving region (22,23). However, our simulations showed that general motion cues on their own are unlikely to provide a sufficiently specific cue for hand learning: the extraction of moving regions from test video sequences can yield a low proportion of hand images, which provides only a weak support for extracting the class of hands (SI Results and Fig.…”

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confidence: 91%

From simple innate biases to complex visual concepts

Ullman

Harari

Dorfman

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Early in development, infants learn to solve visual problems that are highly challenging for current computational methods. We present a model that deals with two fundamental problems in which the gap between computational difficulty and infant learning is particularly striking: learning to recognize hands and learning to recognize gaze direction. The model is shown a stream of natural videos and learns without any supervision to detect human hands by appearance and by context, as well as direction of gaze, in complex natural scenes. The algorithm is guided by an empirically motivated innate mechanism-the detection of "mover" events in dynamic images, which are the events of a moving image region causing a stationary region to move or change after contact. Mover events provide an internal teaching signal, which is shown to be more effective than alternative cues and sufficient for the efficient acquisition of hand and gaze representations. The implications go beyond the specific tasks, by showing how domain-specific "proto concepts" can guide the system to acquire meaningful concepts, which are significant to the observer but statistically inconspicuous in the sensory input.A basic question in cognitive development is how we learn to understand the world on the basis of sensory perception and active exploration. Already in their first months of life, infants rapidly learn to recognize complex objects and events in their visual input (1-3). Probabilistic learning models, as well as connectionist and dynamical models, have been developed in recent years as powerful tools for extracting the unobserved causes of sensory signals (4-6). Some of these models can efficiently discover significant statistical regularities in the observed signals, which may be subtle and of high order, and use them to construct world models and guide behavior (7-10). However, even powerful statistical models have inherent difficulties with natural cognitive concepts, which depend not only on statistical regularities in the sensory input but also on their significance and meaning to the observer. For example, in learning to understand actions and goals, an important part is identifying the agents' hands, their configuration, and their interactions with objects (1-3). This is an example in which significant and meaningful features can be nonsalient and highly variable and therefore difficult to learn. Our testing shows that current computational methods for general object detection (11-13) applied to large training data do not result by themselves in automatically learning about hands. In contrast, detecting hands (14), paying attention to what they are doing (15, 16), and using them to make inferences and predictions (1-3, 17) are natural for humans and appear early in development. How is it possible for infants to acquire such concepts in early development?A large body of developmental studies has suggested that the human cognitive system is equipped through evolution with basic innate structures that facilitate the acquisition of meaningf...

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Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements in the Newborn Infant

Cited by 109 publications

References 0 publications

The Development of Visual Attention in Infancy

The Development of Visual Attention in Infancy

Multiple sensitive periods in human visual development: Evidence from visually deprived children

From simple innate biases to complex visual concepts

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