Smolt-to-AduIt Survival Patterns of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): Effects of Smolt Length and Geographic Latitude when Entering the Sea

Abstract

Koenings, ). P., H. ). Geiger, and 1. 1. Hasbrouck. 1993. Smolt-to-adult survival patterns of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynshus nerka): effects of smolt length and geographic latitude when entering the sea. Can. 1. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 600-61 1. Variations in smolt-to-adult survival (SAS) of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) relative to smolt length and age and latitude of the nursery Bake outlet were explored for six stocks in Canada, Russia, and Alaska (W. E. Ricker. 1962. ). Fish. Res. Board Can. 19: 537-5601 and 12 Alaskan populations. SAS values ranged from <1 to 68% for age 1 ., 2., and 3. smolt populations of 54-200 mm in mean length. The common pattern underlying the SAS to smolt sine relationship, determined by nonparametric regression (loess), was nonlinear with f~snction-ally distinct zones. SAS of smaller smolts increased (0.3-0.5 (%) SAScmrn -') with size, but SAS of smolts >90-100 mm (6-8 g) did not. Variation in SAS was explained by srnolt sine (30%) and a south to north cline of nursery lakes (21 %j indexed by latitude. SAS of about 3 and 13% for threshold-sized age 1. smolts (60-65 mm) from southern and northern nursery lakes were consistent with sockeye biostandards for Canada (4.7%) and Alaska (1 2%1, respectively. The combined effects of latitude and smolt length on SAS resulted in larger smolts at higher (>60QN) latitudes having seven times the SAS sf smaller smolts at lower (<5%'N! latitudes. Chez six stocks trouvks au Canada, en Russie et en Alaska et qui ont dkja eke analyses par W. E. Ricker (1962. j. can. sci. halieut. aquat. 19 : 531-5630), ainsi que chez 12 populations d'Alaska, on a examine les variations de la survie du saumsneau a l'adulte ISSA) chez le saumon rouge (Oncorhynchus nerka) en fonctisn de la longueur et de I'2ge des saumoneaux, ainsi que de I'emplacenient de I'exutoire du lac d'alevinage. La SSA variait entre moires de 1 et 68 % dans les pop~slations de saumoneaux mesurant 54-200 mm de longueur moyenne et Ag6s de 1 ., 2. et 3. ares. Telle que deterrninke par une regression now parametrique (loess), I'allure commune de la relation entre la SSA et la taille des saumoneaux etait non lineaire et com~portait des zones fonctionnellement distinctes. La SSA des plus petits saumoneaux s'accroissait proportionnellement 2 la taille (0,3-0,5 (%) SSAamm-I), mais ce n16tait pas le cas de la SSA des saumoneaux de plus de 90-1 00 m m (6-8 g). bes variations de la SSA s'expliquaient par la ta~lle des saumoneaux (30 %) et I'existence d'un clivage, orient6 du sud au nord, des lacs d'alevindge (21 %) exprime en fonction de la latitude. La SSA d'environ 3 et 13 % chef les saumoneaux de taille minimale et 2gks de 1. an (60-65 mm) qui provenaient des lacs d'alevinage du sud et du nord etait conforme aux standards biollogiques du saumon rouge au Canada (4,7 %) et en Alaska (1 2 %), respsctivement. L'effet combink de la latitude et de la longueur des saumoneaux sur la SSA explique que les plus gsos saumoneaux des hautes latitudes (>60 "N) ont une SSA sept fois supkrieure A celle des petits sauni...

Regional synchrony in return rates of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Japan in relation to coastal temperature and size at release

“…The release of larger fry may have weakened the effects of size at release within these regions. Koenings et al (1993) reported that the survival of sockeye salmon is strongly linked to smolt size among populations, but the relationship is not a continuous linear function across all smolt lengths, reaching a plateau and even decreasing after a certain smolt size (about 100 mm). If this is true for chum salmon, it may explain our results showing no relationship between the size at release and return rates in WP-HP chum.…”

Marine survival and distribution patterns of two Puget Sound hatchery populations of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon

“…Regarding the fish, McGurk (1996) combined data from different Pacific salmon species and populations showing that larger smolts have higher survival rates than smaller ones. For example, Koenings et al (1993) reported a strong relationship between size and survival among sockeye (O. nerka) salmon populations, though they also found that northern populations had higher survival rates than southern ones. However, the relationship was not linear; above ∼100 mm there seemed to be no increase in survival rate and there was even some evidence of lower survival rates for the largest smolts.…”

Historical and Current Hatchery Programs and Management of Chum Salmon in Hokkaido, Northern Japan

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] This correlation is also supported by work on hatcheryreared fish (e.g. [1][2][3][4][5][6] This correlation is also supported by work on hatcheryreared fish (e.g.…”